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Content of the Contract

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Turkish Contract Law

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Abstract

The principle of freedom of contract has its basis in TCO art. 26. Pursuant to this article, the parties may freely determine the content of the contract, their obligations, duties, responsibilities, liabilities, rights, entitlements, remedies, etc. within the limits of the law. According to this principle, within the limits of the law, persons are free to conclude or not to conclude a contract and they also have freedom of choice of the contracting parties.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Such freedom has two exceptions that are considered below. See Chap. 7.

  2. 2.

    For further explanations see Helvacı (2001).

  3. 3.

    Engel (1997), p. 107.

  4. 4.

    von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 31, II, pp. 250–251; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 82; Reisoğlu (2014), p. 134.

  5. 5.

    Oğuzman and Öz (2015) p. 84.

  6. 6.

    For further explanations see Ateş (2007).

  7. 7.

    In most cases illegality and immorality may overlap. Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), p. 555.

  8. 8.

    Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), pp. 556–557, see and compare to von Tuhr and Peter (1979) § 31, V, 1, pp. 257–258; Oğuzman and Öz (2015) p. 86.

  9. 9.

    Decision to Unify the Jurisprudence of the Court of Cassation, 14.01.1948, File No: 30, Decision No: 2 (Official Gazette 30.07.1948; No: 6971).

  10. 10.

    Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), p. 546. For further explanations see Honsell et al. (2003), art. 19–20, N. 23.

  11. 11.

    Becker (1941), art. 19, N. 28.

  12. 12.

    Becker (1941), art. 19, N. 25.

  13. 13.

    Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), p. 549.

  14. 14.

    Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), p. 546.

  15. 15.

    For further explanations see Altunkaya (2005).

  16. 16.

    Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 19–20, N. 76; Engel (1997), p. 270; Gauch et al. (2008), p. 124; Honsell et al. (2003), art. 19–20, N. 46; Tekinay et al. (1993), p. 404; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 88; Feyzioğlu (1976), p. 268.

  17. 17.

    Tekinay et al. (1993), pp. 405–406; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 88; Feyzioğlu (1976), pp. 267–268; Nomer (2015), pp. 80–81.

  18. 18.

    Impossibilium nulla obligatio est: No-one has a legal obligation to do the impossible or there is no obligation to perform an impossible act.

  19. 19.

    For further explanations see Kuru and Budak (2010).

  20. 20.

    von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 29, II, p. 225; Becker (1941), art. 20, N. 11; Gauch et al. (2008), p. 138; Tercier (2004), p. 101; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 19–20, N. 94.

  21. 21.

    Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 175; Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), pp. 585–586; Nomer (2015), p. 58; Reisoğlu (2014), p. 146; Eren (2015), p. 334; Tercier et al. (2016), p. 156.

  22. 22.

    See Sects. 1.10 and 22.6.

  23. 23.

    For further explanations see Başpınar (1998), Üçer (2013).

  24. 24.

    It should be kept in mind that the Act on Movable Pledge on Commercial Transactions sets a specific rule. According to article 14 of this Act, in the case of non-performance of a loan agreement the creditor may demand that ownership of the pledged assets be transferred to him in lieu of performance. However, if the value of the pledged asset exceeds the amount of the secured debt, the creditor must pay this difference to the pledgor or, if there are other creditors in the subsequent rank, to them.

  25. 25.

    For further explanations see Helvacı (1997), pp. 102–107.

  26. 26.

    Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), pp. 598–599.

  27. 27.

    Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), pp. 599–600, 602.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

    İlhan Helvacı

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Helvacı, İ. (2017). Content of the Contract. In: Turkish Contract Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60061-1_5

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