Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Form of the Contract

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Turkish Contract Law

  • 468 Accesses

Abstract

The freedom of form is one of the main principles of the Turkish Code of Obligations. This principle has its basis in TCO art. 12 par. 1, according to which the validity of a contract does not require any specific form unless it is provided for by law. Consequently, the parties may enter into contracts that do not require a specific form depending on their own preferences as to form. In this context, subject to certain exceptions, a contract for the sale of movable property may be concluded in any form. A lease contract for movable or immovable property may also be made orally or in writing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Eren (2015), p. 271; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 138.

  2. 2.

    Tercier (2004), p. 131; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 11; N. 4; Eren (2015), p. 265; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), pp. 139–140.

  3. 3.

    Tercier (2004), p. 132; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 139; Eren (2015), p. 269.

  4. 4.

    Although “donation” is widely used in European texts, the author has preferred the use of “gift” throughout this book as “donation” has a narrower and more specific meaning in English.

  5. 5.

    However, even if the parties breach this rule, the promisor can deliver the goods stated in the contract to the donee. In this case, the contractual relationship between the parties will be treated as a gift “from hand to hand” as the delivery of the movable property by the donor to the donee constitutes a gift “from hand to hand” (TCO art. 289).

  6. 6.

    Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 11, N. 19; Eren (2015), p. 283.

  7. 7.

    Land Registry Act, No 2644 of 22 December 1934 (Official Gazette 29.12. 1934; No: 2892).

  8. 8.

    For further explanations see Keser Berber (2002).

  9. 9.

    Digital Signature Act, No 5070 of 15.1.2004 (Official Gazette 23.01.2004; No: 25355).

  10. 10.

    Performance bonds issued by banks can be signed by an electronic signature.

  11. 11.

    The art. 4 par. 3 of the Act on Movable Pledge on Commercial Transactions, No 6750 of 20.10.2016 (Official Gazette 28.10.2016; No: 29871) in relation to digital signature is reserved.

  12. 12.

    Notary Public Act, No 1512 of 18.1.1972 (Official Gazette 5.02.1972; No: 14090).

  13. 13.

    For further explanations see Ansay and Schneider (2002), p. 66 ff.

  14. 14.

    For further explanations see Ansay and Schneider (2002), pp. 57–58, 73.

  15. 15.

    For further explanations see Ansay and Schneider (2002), pp. 72–73.

  16. 16.

    For further explanations see Helvacı (2007), pp. 1865–1876; Helvacı (2016), pp. 419–428, cf. SCO.art.14/par. 3, see Engel (1997), pp. 253–254; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 14, N. 25–29.

  17. 17.

    See Sect. 1.7.

  18. 18.

    Oğuzman and Öz (2015), pp. 152–153, compare to von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 30, VI, pp. 242–243.

  19. 19.

    Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 12, N. 3; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 153; Eren (2015), pp. 287–288.

  20. 20.

    See Sect. 25.2.2.

  21. 21.

    Becker (1941), art. 11, N. 8.

  22. 22.

    von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 30, III, p. 237 ff.; Eren (2015), p. 291; Tandoğan (1989), p. 242.

  23. 23.

    According to the TCPC art 106 in the case of a declaratory action, the claimant seeks a court declaration that a right or a legal relationship exists or does not exist. For further explanations see Kuru and Budak (2010).

  24. 24.

    Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 11, N. 33; Engel (1997), p. 262.

  25. 25.

    Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 175.

  26. 26.

    For further explanations see Altaş (1998).

  27. 27.

    See Sect. 3.2.3.

  28. 28.

    See and compare BGB §311 b subs. 1.

  29. 29.

    Tercier (2004), pp. 135–136; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 11, N. 37; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), pp. 155–158; Eren (2015), p. 290.

  30. 30.

    Tandoğan (1989), p. 242, See Decision to Unify the Jurisprudence of the Court of Cassation, 30.09.1988, File No: 1987/2, Decision No: 1988/2 (Official Gazette 21.12.1988; No: 20026).

    In Turkish law, the decisions of the Court of Cassation are not binding with one exception; namely, decisions to unify the jurisprudence, resolving inconsistencies between its divisions.

  31. 31.

    Thévenoz and Werro (2012) art. 11, N. 44–46; Engel (1997), p. 265.

  32. 32.

    Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 155; Eren (2015), pp. 295–296.

  33. 33.

    For further explanations see Kaneti (1972).

  34. 34.

    13th Civil Division of Court of Cassation, 08.05.1985, File No: 1985/2723, Decision No: 1985/3153; 15th Civil Division of Court of Cassation, 13.05.1976, File No: 1976/811, Decision No: 1976/2152; General Assembly of Civil Division of Court of Cassation, 13.10.1976, File No: 1975/13-108, Decision No: 1976/2617 (Kazancı İçtihat Bilgi Bankası).

References

  • Altaş H (1998) Şekle aykırılığın olumsuz sonuçlarının düzeltilmesi. Yetkin, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansay T, Schneider EC (eds) (2002) Introduction to Turkish business law. Turan, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Antalya OG (2012) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler, vol 1. Legal, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Aybay A (2011) Borçlar hukuku dersleri genel bölüm. Filiz, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker H (1941) Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuch, vol VI, Obligationenrecht, 1. Abteilung: Allgemeine Bestimmungen, Art. 1-183, Stämpfli, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger B (2012) Allgemeines Schuldrecht. Stämpfli, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel P (1997) Traité des obligations en droit Suisse. Stämpfli, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Eren F (2015) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Yetkin, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Feyzioğlu FN (1976) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler, vol 1. Fakülteler, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauch P, Schluep WR, Schmid J (2008) Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, vol 1. Schulthess, Zürich

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvacı İ (2007) “Özürlüler hakkında kanun”un borçlar kanunu, ticaret kanunu ve medeni kanun ve noterlik kanunu bakımından getirdiği değişiklikler üzerine (Türk borçlar kanunu ve Türk ticaret kanunu tasarıları hakkında bazı saptamalar). Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Ülgen’e Armağan, vol II. İstanbul, pp. 1865–1876

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvacı İ (2016) Görme engelli kişilerin imzaları ve ispat yükü üzerine bazı düşünceler. İstanbul kültür üniversitesi hukuk fakültesi dergisi 15(2):419–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Honsell H, Vogt NP, Wiegand W (eds) (2003) Basler Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Privatrecht, Obligationenrecht 1: Art. 1-529 OR. Helbing Lichtenhahn, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneti S (1972) Hukuki işlemlerin çevrilmesi (tahvili). İstanbul üniversitesi, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavak Y (2015) Borçlar hukukunda yazılı şekil. Kayhan, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Keser Berber L (2002) İnternet üzerinde yapılan işlemlerde elektronik para ve dijital imza. Yetkin, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Kılıçoğlu AM (2013) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Turhan, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocayusufpaşaoğlu N (2014) Borçlar hukuku genel bölüm, vol 1 (Kocayusufpaşaoğlu/Hatemi/Serozan/Arpacı). Filiz, İstanbul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuru B, Budak AC (2010) Tespit davaları. On iki levha, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomer HN (2015) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Beta, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Oğuzman K, Öz T (2015) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler, vol 1. Vedat, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Oser H, Schönenberger W (1929) Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuch, vol V: Das Obligationenrecht, Erster Halbband: Art. 1-183. Schulthess, Zürich

    Google Scholar 

  • Öz K (2016) Tadil sözleşmesi. Filiz, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Özsunay E (1983) Borçlar hukuku, vol I. Filiz, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisoğlu S (2014) Türk borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Beta, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwenzer I (2009) Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht, Allgemeiner Teil. Schulthess, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Tandoğan H (1989) Borçlar hukuku, özel borç ilişkileri, vol I/1. Vedat, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Tekinay SS, Akman S, Burcuoğlu H, Altop A (1993) Tekinay borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Filiz, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Tercier P (2004) Le droit des obligations. Schulthess, Zurich

    Google Scholar 

  • Tercier P, Pichonnaz P, Develioğlu HM (2016) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. On iki levha, İstanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Thévenoz L, Werro F (éd) (2012) Commentaire romand code des obligations 1: art. 1-529 CO, Art. 8. Helbing Lichtenhahn, Bâle

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuğ A (1994) Türk özel hukukunda şekil. Mimoza, Konya

    Google Scholar 

  • von Tuhr A, Peter H (1979) Allgemeiner Teil des Schweizerischen Obligationenrecht, vol 1. Schulthess, Zürich

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

    İlhan Helvacı

Authors
  1. İlhan Helvacı
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Helvacı, İ. (2017). Form of the Contract. In: Turkish Contract Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60061-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60061-1_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60060-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60061-1

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation