Skip to main content

Introduction to Revising the APA Ethics Code

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Revising the APA Ethics Code

Abstract

The first chapter in this book, which is about recommendations toward revising the ethics code of the American Psychological Association (APA, American Psychologists, 57, 1060–1073, 2002; Ibid., Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct, 2010; Ibid., American Psychologist, 71, 900, 2016), outlines the contents of each of its nine chapters. The main recommendation of the present book is that the five principles of the APA ethics code should be revised, and the book offers suggestions consistent with a Maslovian model of hierarchical needs and motivations (Maslow, Psychological Review, 50, 370–396, 1943) in this regard (after Young, Unifying causality and psychology: Being, brain, and behavior. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016). This first chapter provides relevant definitions and the assumptions involved that are considered fundamental to the task. It proceeds to a literature review on current approaches to ethical codes in mental health. This is consistent with the second major goal of the present book, which is to offer a series of recommendations toward creating a universal mental health ethics code. It reviews the different approaches to ethical codes encountered in different disciplines and different countries, as well as in the universal psychological ethical code.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology. (2007). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) practice guidelines for neuropsychological assessment and consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 209–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. (2005). Ethics guidelines for the practice of forensic psychiatry. Retrieved from http://www.aapl.org/ethics.htm

  • American Educational Research Association (AERA), American Psychological Association (APA), & National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). (2014). The standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Medical Association. (2017). Code of medical ethics. Chicago, IL: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, 1597–1611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologists, 57, 1060–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, Amended June 1, 2010). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf

  • American Psychological Association. (2013). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology. American Psychologists, 68, 7–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2016). Revision of ethical standard 3.04 of the “ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct” (2002, as Amended 2010). American Psychologist, 71, 900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arbisi, P. A., & Beck, J. G. (2016). Introduction to the special series “empirically supported assessment”. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 23, 323–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards. (2014). ASPPB code of conduct. Retrieved from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.asppb.net/resource/resmgr/Guidelines/Code_of_Conduct_Updated_2013.pdf

  • Beauchamp, T., & Childress, J. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, S., & Jones, S. (2012). Ethics and law from an international perspective: The relationship between National Psychological Association Ethics Codes and Civil Law. In M. M. Leach, M. J. Stevens, G. Lindsay, A. Ferrero, & Y. Korkut (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international psychological ethics (pp. 283–296). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bersoff, D. N. (1994). Explicit ambiguity: The 1992 ethics code as an oxymoron. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 25, 382–387.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birrell, P. J., & Bruns, C. M. (2016). Ethics and relationship: From risk management to relational engagement. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94, 391–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blease, C. R., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Kelley, J. M. (2016). Evidence-based practice and psychological treatments: The imperatives of informed consent. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkosky, B. G. (2016). “Coping with subpoenas”: No longer consistent with law, ethics, or social policy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47, 250–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulanger, G. (2017). The American Psychological Association: From impunity to shame. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 14, 108–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • British Psychological Society. (2014). Code of human research ethics. Retrieved from http://www.bps.org.uk/system/files/Public%20files/code_of_human_research_ethics_dec_2014_inf180_web.pdf

  • Bush, S. S., Allen, R. S., Heck, A. L., & Moye, J. (2015). Ethical issues in geropsychology: Clinical and forensic perspectives. Psychological Injury and Law, 8, 348–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, S. S., Heilbronner, R. L., & Ruff, R. M. (2014). Psychological assessment of symptom and performance validity, response bias, and malingering: Official position of the Association for Scientific Advancement in Psychological Injury and Law. Psychological Injury and Law, 7, 197–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L., Vasquez, M., Behnke, S., & Kinscherff, R. (2010). APA ethics code commentary and case illustrations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Medical Association. (2004). CMA code of ethics. Retrieved from http://policybase.cma.ca/dbtw-wpd/PolicyPDF/PD04-06.pdf

  • Canadian Psychological Association. (1991). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (Rev. ed.). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Psychological Association. (2000). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (3rd ed.). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Psychological Association. (2017). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (4th ed.). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Legal Issues, & American Psychological Association. (2016). Strategies for private practitioners coping with subpoenas or compelled testimony for client/patient records or test data or test materials. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, M. J., Thana, L., Farqharson, L., Palmer, L., Hancock, E., Bassett, P., et al. (2016). Patient experience of negative effects of psychological treatment: Results of a national survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208, 260–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devitt, P., & Kelly, B. D. (2016). A human rights foundation for ethical mental health practice. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/ipm.2016.44.

  • Domenech Rodríguez, M. M., Erickson Cornish, J. A., Thomas, J. T., Forrest, L., Anderson, A., & Bow, J. N. (2014). Ethics education in professional psychology: A survey of American Psychological Associating accredited programs. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8, 241–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, A. (2016). Empirically supported treatments: Precept or percept? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47, 198–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations. (2005). Meta-code of ethics. Retrieved from http://ethics.efpa.eu/meta-code/

  • Farrell, H. M., & Drogin, E. Y. (2016). Comparing psychiatric and psychological ethics in forensic practice. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 2, 27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. B. (2017). Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, D. (2017). Conceptual guidelines: APA, AACN, AERA, and NCMA. In D. Fujii (Ed.), Conducting a culturally informed neuropsychological evaluation (pp. 27–37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, J., & Pettifor, J. L. (2012). The tale of two universal declarations: Ethics and human rights. In M. M. Leach, M. J. Stevens, G. Lindsay, A. Ferrero, & Y. Korkut (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international psychological ethics (pp. 113–133). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, J., Pettifor, J., & Ferrero, A. (2010). The universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists: A culture-sensitive model for creating and reviewing a code of ethics. Ethics & Behavior, 20, 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebhardt, J. A. (2016). Quagmires for clinical psychology and executive coaching? Ethical considerations and practice challenges. American Psychologist, 71, 216–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves, A. M. B., de Rosalmeida Dantas, C., & Banzato, C. E. M. (2016). Values and DSM-5: Looking at the debate on attenuated psychosis syndrome. BMC Medical Ethics, 17. doi:10.1186/s12910-016-0090-8.

  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996., Pub. L. No. 104-191, 110 Stat. 1936 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • International Coach Federation (ICF). (2008). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.coachfederation.org/ethics/

  • International Union of Psychological Science. (2008). Universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. Retrieved from http://www.iupsys.net/about/governance/universal-declaration-of-ethical-principles-for-psychologists.html

  • Jaffe v. Redmond, 116 S. Ct. 95-266, 64L.W. 4490 (June 13, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilburg, R. R. (2017). Trusted leadership advisor: A commentary on expertise and ethical conundrums. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 69, 41–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S. J., Gottlieb, M. C., & Handelsman, M. M. (2015). Ethical dilemmas in psychotherapy: Positive approaches to decision making. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S., & VandeCreek, L. (2004). A principle-based analysis of the 2002 American Psychological Association ethics code. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 247–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S. J., & VandeCreek, L. D. (2012). Practical ethics for psychologists: A positive approach (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S. J., VandeCreek, L., & Fingerhut, R. (2017). Practical ethics for psychologists: A positive approach (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Koocher, G. P. (1994). The commerce of professional psychology and the new ethics code. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 25, 355–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koocher, G. P., & Campbell, L. F. (2016). Professional ethics in the United States. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, & D. K. Freedheim (Eds.), APA handbook of clinical psychology: Education and profession (5th ed., pp. 301–337). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koocher, G. P., & Hadjistavropoulos, T. (2012). North America: Canada and the United States. In M. M. Leach, M. J. Stevens, G. Lindsay, A. Ferrero, & Y. Korkut (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international psychological ethics (pp. 321–327). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koocher, G. P., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2016). Ethics in psychology and the mental health professions (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, M. M., Stevens, M. J., Lindsay, G., Ferrero, A., & Korkut, Y. (2012). The Oxford handbook of international psychological ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, G., Stevens, M. J., Leach, M. M., Ferrero, A., & Korkut, Y. (2012). Taking stock and looking forward. In M. M. Leach, M. J. Stevens, G. Lindsay, A. Ferrero, & Y. Korkut (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international psychological ethics (pp. 451–463). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LoCicero, A., Jull-Patterson, D., Gray, B. L., Marlin, R. P., Sweeney, N. M., & Boyd, J. W. (2016). Enabling torture: APA, clinical psychology training and the failure to disobey. Peach and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22, 345–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCutcheon, J. L. (2017). Emerging ethical issues in police and public safety psychology: Reflections and mandatory vs. aspirational ethics. In C. L. Mitchell & E. H. Dorian (Eds.), Police psychology and its growing impact on modern law enforcement (pp. 314–334). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, T. F. (2011). Essential ethics for psychologists: A primer for understanding and mastering core issues. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, C. (2016). Ethics and psychology: Beyond codes of practice. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue, W. T. O. (2016). Oppression, privilege, bias, prejudice, and stereotyping: Problems in the APA code of ethics. Ethics & Behavior, 26, 527–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penk, W. E., Little, D., & Ainspan, N. D. (2016). Ethics guiding psychosocial rehabilitation. In N. D. Ainspan, C. Bryan, & W. E. Penk (Eds.), Handbook of psychosocial interventions for veterans and service members: A guide for the non-military mental health clinician (pp. 386–398). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, J., Sinclair, C., Malone, J., & Gauthier, J. (2008). CPA ethics update 2008. A symposium. Canadian Psychology, 49, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, K. S. (2016). The code not taken: The path from guild ethics to torture and our continuing choices. Canadian Psychology, 57, 51–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, K. S., & Vasquez, M. J. T. (2016). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, W. D. (1998). The right and the good. In J. Rachels (Ed.), Ethical theory (pp. 265–285). New York: Oxford University Press. (Original published 1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sales, B. D., & Folkman, S. (2000). Ethics in research with human participants. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, V. D., Schobitz, R. P., Grace, G., & Patterson, T. J. (2015). Addressing deficits in the utilization of empirically supported treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: Training the future of army psychology. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 9, 85–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D. L. (2016). Ethical issues in forensic psychology and psychiatry. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 2, 45–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, D. J., & Julian, D. G. (2016). Achievements and limitations of evidence-based medicine. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 68, 204–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, C. (2012). Ethical principles, values, and codes for psychologists: An historical journey. In M. Leach, M. Stevens, G. Lindsay, A. Ferrero, & Y. Korkut (Eds.), International handbook of psychological ethics (pp. 3–18). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, C. (2017). Ethics in psychology: Recalling the past, acknowledging the present, and looking to the future. Canadian Psychology, 58, 20–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, C., Poizner, S., Gilmour-Barrett, K., & Randall, D. (2001). The development of a code of ethics for Canadian psychologists. In C. Sinclair & J. Pettifor (Eds.), Companion manual to the Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (3rd ed., pp. 1–12). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, W. E. (2015). An ethics of engagement. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophy Psychology, 35, 128–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarasoff v. Board of Regents of the University of California. (1976, July 1). 17 Cal.3d 425, S.F. No. 23042. Supreme Court of California. Retrieved from http://www.standford.edu/group/psylawseminar/Tarsoff%20I.htm

  • Tien, L., Davis, A., Arnold, T. H., & Benjamin, G. A. H. (2012). Ethics for psychologists: A casebook approach (pp. 2–3). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf

  • VandenBos, G. R. (2013). APA dictionary of clinical psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, J. C. (2015). DSM-5, psychiatric epidemiology and the false positives problem. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24, 188–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, R. T. G. (2015a). Introduction to ethics in psychology: Historical and philosophical grounding. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 35, 69–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, R. T. G. (2015b). Bending the arc of North American psychologists’ moral universe toward communicative ethics and social justice. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 35, 90–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wessells, M., Sveaass, N., Foster, D., & Dawes, A. (2017). Do no harm? How psychologists have supported torture and what to do about it. In M. Seedat, S. Suffla, & D. J. Christie (Eds.), Enlarging the scope of peace psychology: African and world-region contributions (pp. 269–294). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Woody, R. H. (2016). Psychological testimony and the Daubert standard. Psychological Injury and Law, 9, 91–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynia, M. K., Kishore, S. P., & Belar, C. D. (2014). A unified code of ethics for health professionals: Insights from an IOM workshop. Journal of American Medical Association, 311, 799–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, C. W. (2017). The ethics of collusion and nondisclosure in cancer care: A perspective from professional psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48, 46–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. (2015). Science, bias, and continuing to educate. Psychological Injury and Law, 8, 185–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. (2016a). Unifying causality and psychology: Being, brain, and behavior. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. (2016b). A broad ethics model for mental health practice. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 2, 220–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Young, G. (2017). Introduction to Revising the APA Ethics Code. In: Revising the APA Ethics Code. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60002-4_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics