Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are, after rotaviruses (RV), the second most common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis (GE) in young children. Globally, NoV GE carries significant mortality in children under 5 years of age; one estimate puts the annual death toll at 71,000, which is about one third of that associated with rotavirus. In industrialized countries deaths in children are rare, but there is significant mortality from NoV GE in the elderly. Therefore, NoV vaccine development is targeted at both children and adults, often with greater emphasis on the latter. In industrialized countries, the burden of NoV disease in children, as measured by severe cases seen in hospital, is about one third to one half of that of RV disease.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Further Reading
Atmar RL, Bernstein DI, Harro CD, et al. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk virus illness. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2178–87.
Bernstein DI, Atmar RL, Lyon GM, et al. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults. J Infect Dis. 2015;95:2734–47.
Blazevic V, Lappalainen S, Nurminen K, Huhti L, Vesikari T. Norovirus VLPs and rotavirus VP6 protein as combined vaccine for childhood gastroenteritis. Vaccine. 2011;29(45):8126–33.
Blazevic V, Malm M, Arinobu D, Lappalainen S, Vesikari T. Rotavirus capsid VP6 protein acts as an adjuvant in vivo for norovirus virus-like particles in a combination vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(3):740–8.
Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Chanock RM. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol. 1972;10:1075–81.
Lopman BA, Hall AJ, Currs AT, Parashar UD. Increasing rates of gastroenteritis hospital discharges in US adults and the contribution of norovirus, 1996–2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:466–72.
Pang XL, Joensuu J, Vesikari T. Human calicivirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis in Finnish children less than two years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:420–6.
Prasad BV, Rothnagel R, Jiang X, Estes MK. Three dimensional structure of baculovirus-expressed Norwalk virus capsids. J Virol. 1994;68:5117–25.
Räsänen S, Lappalainen S, Salminen M, Huhti L, Vesikari T. Noroviruses in children seen in a hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Finland. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170(11):1413–8.
Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Norovirus vaccine: one step closer. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:853–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vesikari, T. (2017). Norovirus Vaccine. In: Vesikari, T., Van Damme, P. (eds) Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59952-6_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59952-6_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59950-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59952-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)