Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Calculus Renal Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

  • 1872 Accesses

Abstract

Calculus renal disease, also called nephrolithiasis or kidney stone disease (KSD), is a widespread condition whose incidence and prevalence are increasing. In the last decades, an association between KSD and hypertension has been repeatedly reported. Subsequent studies investigating factors linking the two conditions have singled out several hypothetical clues. General factors affecting metabolism, such as diet and body mass index (BMI), appear to play a role. A genetic proneness to both conditions has also been found in some cases. In other series, abnormalities in urinary components, alone or in combination with general factors, were found underlying the association between hypertension and KSD. Calcium, citrate, and acids were the most often investigated urinary components.

On the basis of the available evidence, we know that hypertension and KSD are significantly and mutually associated. There is a variety of factors underlying this association, who from time to time act individually or together. The association with hypertension contributes to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease observed in nephrolithiasis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bushinsky DA, Coe FL, Moe OW (2008) Nephrolithiasis. In: Brenner BM (ed) The Kidney, 8th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp I299–1349

    Google Scholar 

  2. Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA et al (2003) Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976–1994. Kidney Int 63:1817–1823

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lieske JC, Peña de la Vega LS, Slezak JM et al (2006) Renal stone epidemiology in Rochester, Minnesota: an update. Kidney Int 69:760–764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hesse A, Brändle E, Wilbert D et al (2000) Study on the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in Germany comparing the years 1979 vs. 2000. Eur Urol 44:709–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sánchez-Martín FM, Millán Rodríguez F, Esquena Fernández S et al (2007) Incidence and prevalence of published studies about urolithiasis in Spain: a review [article in Spanish]. Actas Urol Esp 31:511–520

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Amato M, Lusini ML, Nelli F (2004) Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis today. Urol Int 72(suppl 1):1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. López M, Hoppe B (2010) History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 25:49–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Galal OM (2002) The nutrition transition in Egypt: obesity, undernutrition and the food consumption context. Public Health Nutr 5:141–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Engstrom A, Tobelmann RC, Albertson AM (1997) Sodium intake trends and food choices. Am J Clin Nutr 65(suppl):704S–707S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Tibblin G (1967) High blood pressure in men aged 50-a population study of men born in 1913. Acta Medica Scand Suppl 470:1–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Robertson WG, Peacock M, Baker M et al (1983) Studies on the prevalence and epidemiology of urinary stone disease in men in Leeds. Br J Urol 55:595–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Al C, Laurenzi MN (1988) Elevated blood pressure and positive history of kidney stones: results from a population-based study. J Hypertens 6(suppl 4):485–486

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P, Mancini M (1990) Kidney stones and hypertension: population based study of an independent clinical association. BMJ 300:1234–1236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Cappuccio FP, Siani A, Barba G et al (1999) A prospective study of hypertension and the incidence of kidney stones in men. J Hypertens 17:1017–1022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Borghi L, Meschi T, Guerra A et al (1999) Essential arterial hypertension and stone disease. Kidney Int 55:2397–2406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cupisti A, Morelli E, Meola M et al (1996) Hypertension in kidney stone patients. Nephron 73:569–572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Madore F, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Curhan GC (1998) Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 11:46–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kim YJ, Park MS, Kim WT et al (2011) Hypertension influences recurrent stone formation in non obese stone formers. Urology 77:1059–1063

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Eisner BH, Gambaro G, Rimm EB, Mukamal KJ, Curhan GC (2013) History of kidney stones and the risk of coronary heart disease. JAMA 310:408–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. McCarron DA, Pingree PA, Rubin RJ et al (1998) Enhanced parathyroid function in essential hypertension:a homeostatic response to a urinary calcium leak. Hypertension 2:162–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Strazzullo P, Nunziata V, Cirillo M et al (1983) Abnormalities of calcium metabolism in essential hypertension. Clin Sci 65:137–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Strazzullo P (1991) The renal calcium leak in primary hypertension: pathophysiological aspects and clinical implications. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1:98–103

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cappuccio FP, Meilahn E, Zmuda JM, Cauley JA (1999) High blood pressure and bone-mineral loss in elderly white women: a prospective study. Lancet 354:971–975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Timio F, Kerry SM, Anson KM et al (2003) Calcium urolithiasis, blood pressure and salt intake. Blood Press 12:122–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Eisner BH, Porten SP, Bechis SK, Stoller ML (2010) Hypertension is associated with increased urinary calcium excretion in patients with nephrolithiasis. J Urol 183:576–579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pan W, Borovac J, Spicer Z et al (2012) The epithelial sodium/proton exchanger, NHE3, is necessary for renal and intestinal calcium (re)absorption. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 302:F943–F956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mente A, Honey RJ, McLaughlin JM et al (2006) High urinary calcium excretion and genetic susceptibility to hypertension and kidney stone disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2567–2575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Stratton JD, McNicholas TA, Farrington K (1998) Recurrent calcium stones in Gordon’s syndrome. Br J Urol 82:925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sakhaee K, Harvey JA, Padalino PK et al (1993) The potential role of salt abuse on the risk for kidney stone formation. J Urol 150:310–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Martini LA, Cuppari L, Colugnati FA et al (2000) High sodium chloride intake is associated with low bone density in calcium stone-forming patients. Clin Nephrol 54:85–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Adrogué HJ, Madias NE (2007) Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med 356:1966–1978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC (2009) DASH-style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:2253–2259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Taylor EN, Mount DB, Forman JP, Curhan GC (2006) Association of prevalent hypertension with 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium, citrate, and other factors. Am J Kidney Dis 47:780–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Losito A, Nunzi EG, Covarelli C et al (2009) Increased acid excretion in kidney stone formers with essential hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:137–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Batlle DC, Sharma AM, Alsheikha MW et al (1993) Renal acid excretion and intracellular pH in salt-sensitive genetic hypertension. J Clin Invest 91:2178–2184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Sharma AM, Kribben A, Schattenfroh S et al (1990) Salt sensitivity in humans is associated with abnormal acid-base regulation. Hypertension 16:407–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cupisti A, Meola M, D’Alessandro C et al (2007) Insulin resistance and low urinary citrate excretion in calcium stone formers. Biomed Pharmacother 61:86–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mandel EI, Taylor EN, Curhan GC (2013) Dietary and lifestyle factors and medical conditions associated with urinary citrate excretion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8:901–908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Eisner BH, Eisenberg ML, Stoller ML (2010) Relationship between body mass index and quantitative 24-hour urine chemistries in patients with nephrolithiasis. Urology 75:1289–1293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Brown CD, Higgins M, Donato KA et al (2000) Body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Obes Res 8:605–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Taylor EN, Curhan GC (2008) Fructose consumption and the risk of kidney stones. Kidney Int 73:207–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Soleimani M (2011) Dietary fructose, salt absorption and hypertension in metabolic syndrome: towards a new paradigm. Acta Physiol (Oxford) 201:55–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ (2008) Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 359:1811–1821

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Whelton A (2012) Hyperuricemia and hypertension: a confluence of concepts. Hypertension 60:1112–1113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cannon PJ, Stason WB, Demartini FE et al (1966) Hyperuricemia in primary and renal hypertension. N Engl J Med 275:457–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Johnson RJ, Feig DI, Herrera-Acosta J, Kang DH (2005) Resurrection of uric acid as a causal risk factor in essential hypertension. Hypertension 45:18–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Worcester EM, Parks JH, Evan AP, Coe FL (2006) Renal function in patients with nephrolithiasis. J Urol 176:600–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mac Mahon S, Cutler J, Brittian E, Higgins M (1987) Obesity and hypertension: epidemiological and clinical issues. Eur Heart J 8:57–70

    Google Scholar 

  49. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB et al (1998) Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1645–1652

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC (2005) Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA 293:455–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gillen DL, Coe FL, Worcester EM (2005) Nephrolithiasis and increased blood pressure among females with high body mass index. Am J Kidney Dis 46:263–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rendina D, Mossetti G, De Filippo G et al (2009) Association between metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis in an inpatient population in southern Italy: role of gender, hypertension and abdominal obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:900–906

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Obligado SH, Goldfarb DS (2008) The association of nephrolithiasis with hypertension and obesity: a review. Am J Hypertens 21:257–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cupisti A, D’Alessandro C, Samoni S et al (2014) Nephrolithiasis and hypertension: possible links and clinical implications. J Nephrol 27:477–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Domingos F, Escalda A (2012) Causes of autonomic dysfunction in idiopathic recurrent kidney stone formers. Int Urol Nephrol 44:873–882

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Struttura Complessa Nefrologia and Dialisi, Ospedale Santa Maria Della Misericordia, Piazzale G. Menghini 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy

    Attilio Losito

Authors
  1. Attilio Losito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Attilio Losito .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

    Adel E. Berbari

  2. Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy

    Giuseppe Mancia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Losito, A. (2018). Calculus Renal Disease. In: Berbari, A., Mancia, G. (eds) Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59918-2_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59918-2_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59917-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59918-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation