Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypertensive Heart Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

  • 1990 Accesses

Abstract

Hypertensive heart disease is a definition that encompassed a variety of abnormal conditions generally associated with a sustained and protracted pressure overload. Hypertensive heart disease generally includes left ventricular hypertrophy, increased ventricular stiffness, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. The above conditions may develop and progress in parallel with ischemic heart disease and ultimately may cause heart failure if inadequately treated. There is abundant literature which links hypertensive heart disease with increased cardiovascular risk. Long-term epidemiological studies provided ample evidence that left ventricular hypertrophy detected by electrocardiography or echocardiography is a powerful and independent predictor of major cardiovascular events, sudden cardiac death, and all-cause death. Outcome in hypertensive heart disease may be improved by antihypertensive treatment at any stage of the condition. Although regression of left ventricular hypertrophy is a favorable prognostic marker, residual cardiovascular risk in these patents is higher than that in those who never experienced hypertrophy. Thus, prevention of hypertensive heart disease in uncomplicated patients remains a top priority in the modern cardiovascular medicine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ACE-I:

ACE inhibitor

AF:

Atrial fibrillation

ARB:

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

BMI:

Body mass index

BP:

Blood pressure

BSA:

Body surface area

CCB:

Calcium channel blocker

CI:

Confidence interval

CV:

Cardiovascular

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HF:

Heart failure

HHD:

Hypertensive heart disease

LIFE:

Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction

LV:

Left ventricular

LVH:

LV hypertrophy

OR:

Odds ratio

PIUMA:

Progetto Ipertensione Umbria Monitoraggio Ambulatoriale

RAAS:

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

RES:

Reliability of M-mode Echocardiographic Study

RR:

Relative risk

RWT:

Relative wall thickness

References

  1. Lip GY, Felmeden DC, Li-Saw-Hee FL et al (2000) Hypertensive heart disease. A complex syndrome or a hypertensive ‘cardiomyopathy’? Eur Heart J 21(20):1653–1665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Crawford MH (2010) Hypertension and hypertensive heart disease. Foreword. Cardiol Clin 28(4):xi

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mensah GA (2010) Preface: hypertension and hypertensive heart disease. Cardiol Clin 28(4):xiii–xiv

    Google Scholar 

  4. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Achilli P et al (2007) Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: marker for future events or mediator of events? Curr Opin Cardiol 22(4):329–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Haynes RB, Wilczynski N, McKibbon KA et al (1994) Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound studies in MEDLINE. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1(6):447–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al (2002) Prevalent influence of systolic over pulse pressure on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Eur Heart J 23(8):658–665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Frohlich ED (1989) Left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac diseases and hypertension: recent experiences. J Am Coll Cardiol 14(7):1587–1594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. de Simone G, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F (2001) Link of nonhemodynamic factors to hemodynamic determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 38(1):13–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Komuro I (2000) Molecular mechanism of mechanical stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Jpn Heart J 41(2):117–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sadoshima J, Izumo S (1997) The cellular and molecular response of cardiac myocytes to mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 59:551–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Murdolo G, Angeli F, Reboldi G et al (2015) Left ventricular hypertrophy and obesity: only a matter of fat? High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 22(1):29–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kahan T (2012) The importance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease. J Hypertens 30(4):685–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Shahbaz AU, Sun Y, Bhattacharya SK et al (2010) Fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease: molecular pathways and cardioprotective strategies. J Hypertens 28(Suppl 1):S25–S32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Delaughter MC, Taffet GE, Fiorotto ML et al (1999) Local insulin-like growth factor I expression induces physiologic, then pathologic, cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. FASEB J 13(14):1923–1929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Schillaci G et al (1999) Circulating insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are independent determinants of left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension. Circulation 100(17):1802–1807

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ito H, Hiroe M, Hirata Y et al (1993) Insulin-like growth factor-I induces hypertrophy with enhanced expression of muscle specific genes in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Circulation 87(5):1715–1721

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Angeli F, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P (2012) Microcirculation and left-ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 30(3):477–481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Angeli F, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P (2014) Hypertension, inflammation and atrial fibrillation. J Hypertens 32(3):480–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sica DA (2014) Aldosterone and volume management in hypertensive heart disease. Semin Nephrol 34(3):323–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Herrera MJ et al (2006) Angiotensin II causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through its receptors in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(47):17985–17990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Lerman A, Edwards BS, Hallett JW et al (1991) Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 325(14):997–1001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ichikawa KI, Hidai C, Okuda C et al (1996) Endogenous endothelin-1 mediates cardiac hypertrophy and switching of myosin heavy chain gene expression in rat ventricular myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 27(5):1286–1291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schillaci G, Vaudo G, Reboldi G et al (2001) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 19(12):2265–2270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Scheler S, Motz W, Strauer BE (1994) Mechanism of angina pectoris in patients with systemic hypertension and normal epicardial coronary arteries by arteriogram. Am J Cardiol 73(7):478–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Diez J, González A, López B, Querejeta R (2005) Mechanisms of disease: pathologic structural remodeling is more than adaptive hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2(4):209–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Koren MJ, Devereux RB (1993) Mechanism, effects, and reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2(1):87–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Aurigemma GP, Silver KH, Priest MA, Gaasch WH (1995) Geometric changes allow normal ejection fraction despite depressed myocardial shortening in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 26(1):195–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ciulla M, Paliotti R, Hess DB et al (1997) Echocardiographic patterns of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients: endomyocardial biopsy versus ultrasonic tissue characterization. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 10(6):657–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rossi MA (1998) Pathologic fibrosis and connective tissue matrix in left ventricular hypertrophy due to chronic arterial hypertension in humans. J Hypertens 16(7):1031–1041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nitenberg A, Antony I (1996) Epicardial coronary arteries are not adequately sized in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 27(1):115–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mulvany MJ (1992) Vascular growth in hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20(Suppl 1):S7–S11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Heron MI, Kuo C, Rakusan K (1999) Arteriolar growth in the postnatal rat heart. Microvasc Res 58(2):183–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rakusan K, Cicutti N, Sladek T (1996) Ischemic heart: microcirculatory aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol 388:457–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Breisch EA, White FC, Bloor CM (1984) Myocardial characteristics of pressure overload hypertrophy. A structural and functional study. Lab Investig 51(3):333–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tomanek RJ, Aydelotte MR, Butters CA (1990) Late-onset renal hypertension in old rats alters myocardial microvessels. Am J Phys 259(6 Pt 2):H1681–H1687

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Angeli F, Verdecchia P, Iacobelli SG et al (2014) Usefulness of QRS voltage correction by body mass index to improve electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 114(3):427–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Kligfield P et al (1985) Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: development and prospective validation of improved criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 6(3):572–580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sokolow M, Lyon TP (1949) The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J 37(2):161–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Romhilt DW, Estes EH Jr (1968) A point-score system for the ECG diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 75(6):752–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Roman MJ, Kligfield P, Devereux RB et al (1987) Geometric and functional correlates of electrocardiographic repolarization and voltage abnormalities in aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 9(3):500–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Reboldi G et al (2003) Improved cardiovascular risk stratification by a simple ECG index in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 16(8):646–652

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Levy D, Salomon M, D'Agostino RB et al (1994) Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 90(4):1786–1793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sullivan JM, Vander Zwaag RV, el-Zeky F et al (1993) Left ventricular hypertrophy: effect on survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(2): 508-513

    Google Scholar 

  44. MacMahon S, Collin G, Rautaharju P et al (1989) Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and effects of antihypertensive drug therapy in hypertensive participants in the multiple risk factor Intervention trial. Am J Cardiol 63(3):202–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Cavallini C et al (2009) The voltage of R wave in lead aVL improves risk stratification in hypertensive patients without ECG left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 27(8):1697–1704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Mazzotta G et al (2011) Simplifying the ECG diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Curr Cardio Risk Rep 5(1):1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Verdecchia P, Sleight P, Avanzini F et al (2003) Hypertrophy at ECG and its regression during treatment survey (HEART survey). Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of patients. Ital Heart J 4(7):479–483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kannel WB, Gordon T, Offutt D (1969) Left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality in the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 71(1):89–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Levy D, Labib SB, Anderson KM et al (1990) Determinants of sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 81(3):815–820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Larsen CT, Dahlin J, Blackburn H et al (2002) Prevalence and prognosis of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, ST segment depression and negative T-wave; the Copenhagen City heart study. Eur Heart J 23(4):315–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rautaharju PM, LaCroix AZ, Savage DD et al (1988) Electrocardiographic estimate of left ventricular mass versus radiographic cardiac size and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in the epidemiologic follow-up study of the first National Health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Cardiol 62(1):59–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Angeli F, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P (2012) Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: implications for clinicians. J Hypertens 30(12):2279–2284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. de Simone G, Muiesan ML, Ganau A et al (1999) Reliability and limitations of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass for risk stratification and follow-up in single patients: the RES trial. Working group on heart and hypertension of the Italian society of hypertension. Reliability of M-mode Echocardiographic Studies. J Hypertens 17(12 Pt 2):1955–1963

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Muiesan ML, de Simone G, Ganau A et al (2006) Inappropriate left ventricular mass: reliability and limitations of echocardiographic measurement for risk stratification and follow-up in single patients. J Hypertens 24(11):2293–2298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Troy BL, Pombo J, Rackley CE (1972) Measurement of left ventricular wall thickness and mass by echocardiography. Circulation 45(3):602–611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Devereux RB, Reichek N (1977) Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 55(4):613–618

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM et al (1986) Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 57(6):450–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Schillaci G et al (1999) Value of a simple echocardiographic linear predictor of left ventricular mass in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 84(10):1209–1214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Levy D, Savage DD, Garrison RJ et al (1987) Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 59(9):956–960

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Levy D et al (1996) Comparison of enalapril versus nifedipine to decrease left ventricular hypertrophy in systemic hypertension (the PRESERVE trial). Am J Cardiol 78(1):61–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hammond IW, Devereux RB, Alderman MH et al (1986) The prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy among employed patients with uncomplicated hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 7(3):639–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN et al (1991) Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 114(5):345–352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR et al (1995) Effect of growth on variability of left ventricular mass: assessment of allometric signals in adults and children and their capacity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 25(5):1056–1062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB et al (1998) Time-voltage QRS area of the 12-lead electrocardiogram: detection of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 31(4):937–942

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Drazner MH, Rame JE, Marino EK et al (2004) Increased left ventricular mass is a risk factor for the development of a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction within five years: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(12):2207–2215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD et al (1990) Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 322(22):1561–1566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Porcellati C et al (2000) Continuous relation between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Hypertension 35(2):580–586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Devereux RB, Wachtell K, Gerdts E et al (2004) Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension. JAMA 292(19):2350–2356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Liao Y, Cooper RS, Durazo-Arvizu R et al (1997) Prediction of mortality risk by different methods of indexation for left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 29(3):641–647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gosse P, Cremer A, Vircoulon M et al (2012) Prognostic value of the extent of left ventricular hypertyrophy and its evolution in the hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 30(12):2403–2409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cipriano C, Gosse P, Bemurat L et al (2001) Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and its evolution during treatment in the Bordeaux cohort of hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 14(6 Pt 1):524–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Koren MJ, Ulin RJ, Koren AT et al (2002) Left ventricular mass change during treatment and outcome in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 15(12):1021–1028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D et al (1995) Association of change in left ventricular mass with prognosis during long-term antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 13(10):1091–1095

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al (1998) Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 97(1):48–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Borgioni C et al (2003) Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 16(11 Pt 1):895–899

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al (1995) Adverse prognostic significance of concentric remodeling of the left ventricle in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 25(4):871–878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ et al (1992) Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 19(7):1550–1558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO, Messerli FH (2006) Left ventricular geometry and mortality in patients >70 years of age with normal ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 98(10):1396–1399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D (1995) Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham heart study. J Am Coll Cardiol 25(4):879–884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al (1996) Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and geometry in systemic hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 78(2):197–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ghali JK, Liao Y, Cooper RS (1998) Influence of left ventricular geometric patterns on prognosis in patients with or without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 31(7):1635–1640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Beache GM, Herzka DA, Boxerman JL et al (2001) Attenuated myocardial vasodilator response in patients with hypertensive hypertrophy revealed by oxygenation-dependent magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 104(11):1214–1217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Burke AP, Farb A, Liang YH et al (1996) Effect of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy on coronary artery morphology in sudden cardiac death. Circulation 94(12):3138–3145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A et al (2001) Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(7):1829–1835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Chatterjee S, Bavishi C, Sardar P et al (2014) Meta-analysis of left ventricular hypertrophy and sustained arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 114(7):1049–1052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Messerli FH, Michalewicz L (1997) Hypertensive heart disease, ventricular dysrhythmias, and sudden death. Adv Exp Med Biol 432:263–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Messerli FH, Ventura HO, Elizardi DJ et al (1984) Hypertension and sudden death. Increased ventricular ectopic activity in left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Med 77(1):18–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Rials SJ, Wu Y, Ford N et al (1995) Effect of left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression on ventricular electrophysiology and vulnerability to inducible arrhythmia in the feline heart. Circulation 91(2):426–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Swynghedauw B, Chevalier B, Charlemagne D et al (1997) Cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmogenicity and the new myocardial phenotype. II. The cellular adaptational process. Cardiovasc Res 35(1):6–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gillis AM, Mathison HJ, Kulisz E et al (2000) Dispersion of ventricular repolarization and ventricular fibrillation in left ventricular hypertrophy: influence of selective potassium channel blockers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292(1):381–386

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Hennersdorf MG, Niebch V, Perings C, Strauer BE (2001) T wave alternans and ventricular arrhythmias in arterial hypertension. Hypertension 37(2):199–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kannel WB, Doyle JT, McNamara PM et al (1975) Precursors of sudden coronary death. Factors related to the incidence of sudden death. Circulation 51(4):606–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kunisek J, Zaputovic L, Butorac MZ et al (2008) The prevalence of supraventricular arrhythmias with regard to the type and degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 120(5-6):171–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Gattobigio R et al (2003) Atrial fibrillation in hypertension: predictors and outcome. Hypertension 41(2):218–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Margey R, Roy A, Tobin S et al (2011) Sudden cardiac death in 14- to 35-year olds in Ireland from 2005 to 2007: a retrospective registry. Europace 13(10):1411–1418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Guidera SA, Steinberg JS (1993) The signal-averaged P wave duration: a rapid and noninvasive marker of risk of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 21(7):1645–1651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Su G, Cao H, Xu S et al (2014) Left atrial enlargement in the early stage of hypertensive heart disease: a common but ignored condition. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 16(3):192–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Nattel S (2002) New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on. Nature 415(6868):219–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Boldt A, Wetzel U, Lauschke J et al (2004) Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease. Heart 90(4):400–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Kostin S, Klein G, Szalay Z et al (2002) Structural correlate of atrial fibrillation in human patients. Cardiovasc Res 54(2):361–379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Spach MS, Dolber PC (1986) Relating extracellular potentials and their derivatives to anisotropic propagation at a microscopic level in human cardiac muscle. Evidence for electrical uncoupling of side-to-side fiber connections with increasing age. Circ Res 58(3):356–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R et al (2005) Asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in essential hypertension: prevalence, determinants, and prognostic value. Hypertension 45(3):412–418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Gradman AH, Alfayoumi F (2006) From left ventricular hypertrophy to congestive heart failure: management of hypertensive heart disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 48(5):326–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Klingbeil AU, Schneide M, Martus P et al (2003) A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 115(1):41–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F et al (2009) Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic patients with hypertension (cardio-sis): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 374(9689):525–533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Reboldi G et al (2001) Left ventricular hypertrophy as an independent predictor of acute cerebrovascular events in essential hypertension. Circulation 104(17):2039–2044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R et al (2006) Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and prevention of stroke in hypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens 19(5):493–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Zabalgoitia M, Berning J, Koren MJ et al (2001) Impact of coronary artery disease on left ventricular systolic function and geometry in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (the LIFE study). Am J Cardiol 88(6):646–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Young W, Gofman JW, Tandy R et al (1960) The quantitation of atherosclerosis. II. Quantitative aspects of the relationship of blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 6:294–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Khattar RS, Senior R, Swales JD, Lahiri A (1999) Value of ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring in the long-term prediction of left ventricular hypertrophy and carotid atherosclerosis in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 13(2):111–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Leoncini G, Ratto E, Viazzi F et al (2006) Increased ambulatory arterial stiffness index is associated with target organ damage in primary hypertension. Hypertension 48(3):397–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Watabe D, Hashimoto J, Hatanaka R et al (2006) Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial stiffness: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens 19(12):1199–1205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Verdecchia P, Angeli F (2004) Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy: what have recent trials taught us? Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 4(6):369–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Rials SJ, Wu Y, Xu X et al (1997) Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with captopril restores normal ventricular action potential duration, dispersion of refractoriness, and vulnerability to inducible ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 96(4):1330–1336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F et al (2007) Prognostic value of serial electrocardiographic voltage and repolarization changes in essential hypertension: the HEART survey study. Am J Hypertens 20(9):997–1004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Angeli F, Verdecchia P, Pelligrino C et al (2003) Association between periodontal disease and left ventricle mass in essential hypertension. Hypertension 41(3):488–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Pittavini L et al (2004) Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular risk changes in hypertensive patients. Ital Heart J 5(7):505–510

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R et al (2004) Does the reduction in systolic blood pressure alone explain the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy? J Hum Hypertens 18(Suppl 2):S23–SS8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Hospital “Santa Maria della Misericordia” and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Fabio Angeli M.D. & Monica Trapasso M.D.

  2. Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Gianpaolo Reboldi M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc.

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Assisi, Assisi, Italy

    Adolfo Aita M.D., Dario Turturiello M.D. & Paolo Verdecchia M.D., F.A.C.C., F.E.S.C.

Authors
  1. Fabio Angeli M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gianpaolo Reboldi M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Monica Trapasso M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Adolfo Aita M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dario Turturiello M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Paolo Verdecchia M.D., F.A.C.C., F.E.S.C.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paolo Verdecchia M.D., F.A.C.C., F.E.S.C. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

    Adel E. Berbari

  2. Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy

    Giuseppe Mancia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Angeli, F., Reboldi, G., Trapasso, M., Aita, A., Turturiello, D., Verdecchia, P. (2018). Hypertensive Heart Disease. In: Berbari, A., Mancia, G. (eds) Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59918-2_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59918-2_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59917-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59918-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation