Abstract
This paper presents an optimization model for identifying limited-width relaxed binary decision diagrams (BDDs) with tightest possible relaxation bounds. The model developed is a network design model and is used to identify which nodes and arcs should be in a relaxed BDD so that the objective function bound is as close to the optimal value as possible. The model is presented specifically for the 0–1 knapsack problem, but can be extended to other problem classes that have been investigated in the stream of research on using decision diagrams for combinatorial optimization problems. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the bounds provided by the relaxed BDDs are far superior to the bounds achieved by relaxed BDDs constructed via previously published compilation algorithms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akers, S.B.: Binary decision diagrams. IEEE Trans. Comput. 27, 509–516 (1978)
Andersen, H.R., Hadzic, T., Hooker, J.N., Tiedemann, P.: A constraint store based on multivalued decision diagrams. In: Bessière, C. (ed.) CP 2007. LNCS, vol. 4741, pp. 118–132. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74970-7_11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74970-7_11
Behle, M.: On threshold BDDs and the optimal variable ordering problem. J. Comb. Optim. 16(2), 107–118 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10878-007-9123-z
Bergman, D., Cire, A.A., van Hoeve, W.J.: MDD propagation for sequence constraints. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 50, 697–722 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4199
Bergman, D., Cire, A.A., van Hoeve, W.-J., Hooker, J.N.: Variable ordering for the application of BDDs to the maximum independent set problem. In: Beldiceanu, N., Jussien, N., Pinson, É. (eds.) CPAIOR 2012. LNCS, vol. 7298, pp. 34–49. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29828-8_3
Bergman, D., Cire, A.A., van Hoeve, W.J., Hooker, J.N.: Optimization bounds from binary decision diagrams. INFORMS J. Comput. 26(2), 253–268 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2013.0561
Bergman, D., Cire, A.A., van Hoeve, W.J., Hooker, J.N.: Discrete optimization with decision diagrams. INFORMS J. Comput. 28(1), 47–66 (2016)
Bergman, D., Cire, A.A., van Hoeve, W.J., Hooker, J.: Decision Diagrams for Optimization. Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Theory, and Algorithms, 1st edn. Springer, Switzerland (2016)
Bergman, D., Hoeve, W.-J., Hooker, J.N.: Manipulating MDD relaxations for combinatorial optimization. In: Achterberg, T., Beck, J.C. (eds.) CPAIOR 2011. LNCS, vol. 6697, pp. 20–35. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21311-3_5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21311-3_5
Bertsekas, D.P.: Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control, 4th edn. Athena Scientific, Belmont (2012)
Bryant, R.E.: Graph-based algorithms for boolean function manipulation. IEEE Trans. Comput. 35, 677–691 (1986)
Bryant, R.E.: Symbolic boolean manipulation with ordered binary decision diagrams. ACM Comput. Surv. 24, 293–318 (1992)
Drechsler, R., Drechsler, N., Günther, W.: Fast exact minimization of BDD’s. IEEE Trans. CAD Integr. Circ. Syst. 19(3), 384–389 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.833206
Felt, E., York, G., Brayton, R.K., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L.: Dynamic variable reordering for BDD minimization. In: Proceedings of the European Design Automation Conference 1993, EURO-DAC 1993 with EURO-VHDL 1993, Hamburg, Germany, 20–24 September 1993. pp. 130–135. IEEE Computer Society (1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EURDAC.1993.410627
Gogate, V., Domingos, P.M.: Approximation by quantization. CoRR abs/1202.3723 (2012). http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.3723
Gogate, V., Domingos, P.M.: Structured message passing. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, UAI 2013, Bellevue, WA, USA, 11–15 August 2013 (2013). https://dslpitt.org/uai/displayArticleDetails.jsp?mmnu=1&smnu=2&article_id=2386&proceeding_id=29
Günther, W., Drechsler, R.: Linear transformations and exact minimization of BDDs. In: 8th Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI (GLS-VLSI 1998), 19–21 February 1998, Lafayette, LA, USA, pp. 325–330. IEEE Computer Society (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/GLSV.1998.665287
Hadzic, T., Hooker, J.N., O’Sullivan, B., Tiedemann, P.: Approximate compilation of constraints into multivalued decision diagrams. In: Stuckey, P.J. (ed.) CP 2008. LNCS, vol. 5202, pp. 448–462. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85958-1_30
Hoda, S., Hoeve, W.-J., Hooker, J.N.: A systematic approach to MDD-based constraint programming. In: Cohen, D. (ed.) CP 2010. LNCS, vol. 6308, pp. 266–280. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15396-9_23. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1886008.1886034
Kirlik, G., Sayın, S.: A new algorithm for generating all nondominated solutions of multiobjective discrete optimization problems. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 232(3), 479–488 (2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221713006474
Lee, C.Y.: Representation of switching circuits by binary-decision programs. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 38, 985–999 (1959)
Shiple, T.R., Hojati, R., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L., Brayton, R.K.: Heuristic minimization of BDDs using don’t cares. In: DAC, pp. 225–231 (1994). http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/196244.196360
Soeken, M., Große, D., Chandrasekharan, A., Drechsler, R.: BDD minimization for approximate computing. In: 21st Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, ASP-DAC 2016, Macao, Macao, 25–28 January 2016, pp. 474–479. IEEE (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ASPDAC.2016.7428057
St-Aubin, R., Hoey, J., Boutilier, C.: APRICODD: approximate policy construction using decision diagrams. In: Proceedings of Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1089–1095 (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bergman, D., Cire, A.A. (2017). On Finding the Optimal BDD Relaxation. In: Salvagnin, D., Lombardi, M. (eds) Integration of AI and OR Techniques in Constraint Programming. CPAIOR 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10335. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59776-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59776-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59775-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59776-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)