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Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases pp 255–274Cite as

Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Cerebellar Development and Its Developmental Disorders: Bidirectional Link Between the Immune System and Nervous System

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Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

Understanding the cross talk between the immune system and cerebellum development has noticeable implications for understanding and management of neurodevelopmental disorders. Our knowledge about cerebellar developmental maturation and remodeling is improving. Immune cells have different functions in a healthy state, but those functions are compromised during developmental stages in mammals. In this chapter, we highlight the evidence that indicates an important role of the immune system within the cerebellum and brain. We discuss the contribution of different immune responses in the development of the cerebellum and its associated disorders and highlight current understanding of the mechanisms and insights involved in these processes. Immune pathways that have a crucial role in cerebellar development are likely to become therapeutic targets for several neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, this information may suggest new therapeutic approaches to developmental disorders of the cerebellum through suppression or activation of selected immune pathways.

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Abbreviations

AICA:

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

ALRs:

AIM2-like receptors

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ANS:

Autonomic nervous system

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

CCL:

C-C motif chemokine ligand

CNS:

Central nervous system

Cop-1:

Copolymer 1

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DAMPs:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

DC:

Dendritic cells

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

EGL:

External granule cell layer

FOXP3:

Forkhead box P3

GAD:

Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

HE:

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy

HSP:

Heat shock proteins

IBS:

Irritable bowel syndrome

IFN:

Interferon

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IGL:

Internal granule cell layer

IL:

Interleukin

LGP2:

Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2

MDA5:

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5

MHC:

Major histocompatibility

MIP:

Macrophage inflammatory protein

MSA:

Multiple system atrophy

NLRs:

Nod-like receptors

OPCA:

Olivopontocerebellar

P2X7R:

Purinergic receptor P2X7

PACA:

Primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PICA:

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

PRRs:

Pattern recognition receptors

(RAG)-1:

Recombination activating gene

Rig1:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1

RLRs:

RIG-like receptors

Rora:

Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCA:

Superior cerebellar artery

SCID:

Severe combined immunodeficiency

SND:

Striatonigral

SOCS3:

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3

TGF:

Tumor growth factor

Th:

T helper

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

URL:

Upper rhombic lip

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Funding

This was supported by grants from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Crohn’s and Colitis Canada, Research Manitoba, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Canadian Institutes of Health Research to JEG, and University of Manitoba, Research Manitoba and Health Sciences Foundation – Mindel and Tom Olenick Research Award in Immunology to NE.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Nour Eissa, Laëtitia Kermarrec & Jean-Eric Ghia

  2. Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Nour Eissa & Jean-Eric Ghia

  3. Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Jean-Eric Ghia

  4. IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Jean-Eric Ghia

  5. Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 431 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada

    Jean-Eric Ghia

Authors
  1. Nour Eissa
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  2. Laëtitia Kermarrec
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  3. Jean-Eric Ghia
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Correspondence to Jean-Eric Ghia .

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  1. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Hassan Marzban

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Eissa, N., Kermarrec, L., Ghia, JE. (2017). Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Cerebellar Development and Its Developmental Disorders: Bidirectional Link Between the Immune System and Nervous System. In: Marzban, H. (eds) Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59749-2_13

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