Abstract
Cranial-cervical instability can result from systemic disease or from traumatic injuries and can be accompanied by severe neurological morbidity and pain; it may even result in death when untreated. The surgical management of cranial-cervical instability can be challenging given the complex regional anatomy and biomechanical considerations. In this chapter, we review the most common causes for cranial-cervical instability requiring treatment and describe the current surgical management of cranial-cervical instability.
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Ravindra, V.M., Whitmore, R.G., Ghogawala, Z. (2017). Occipitocervical Fusion. In: Holly, L., Anderson, P. (eds) Essentials of Spinal Stabilization . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59713-3_3
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