Abstract
During the German scientists’ many discussions at Farm Hall about their lack of progress toward an atomic bomb in comparison to the Allied success, Heisenberg made the following observation.
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- 1.
Willi Menzel, “Deutsche Physik und jüdische Physik,” Völkischer Beobachter 49, no. 29 (29 January 1936), 7.
- 2.
“‘Weisse Juden’ in der Wissenschaft,” Das Schwarze Korps (15 July 1937): 6, English translation in Hentschel (1996, 152–156).
- 3.
Heisenberg to Sommerfeld, 14 April 1938, Sommerfeld Papers, Deutsches Museum, Munich, and Archive for History of Quantum Physics (AIP NBLA and elsewhere), microfilm 31, Sect. 5.
- 4.
Published in Goudsmit (1996, 117–119).
- 5.
Heisenberg to Sommerfeld, 13 May 1939, Sommerfeld Papers, note 3.
- 6.
Heisenberg, affidavit on the visit, draft and typescript, 1948. Submitted during Nuremberg trial of Ernst von Weizsäcker, in Heisenberg Papers, Archive of Max Planck Society, Berlin; and Weizsäcker defense exhibit 239, NARA, microfilm group M897, roll 119.
- 7.
The letters were published in Dörries (2005, 101–179).
- 8.
Directive of 5 Dec. 1941, quoted by Bagge, in Bagge et al. (1957, 28).
- 9.
“Energiegewinnung aus Uran,” report to Army Ordnance, Feb. 1942 (Bagge Papers). I am grateful to Mark Walker for a copy of this report.
- 10.
Program in Goudsmit (1996, 169).
- 11.
Heisenberg, lecture on 26 Feb. 1945, published in Heisenberg (1989a, 517–521).
- 12.
Bissell to Groves, memo, 2 May 1944, NARA, RG 77 (Manhattan Engineer District), Microfilm Group M1109, roll 4 (Alsos Mission).
- 13.
Goudsmit to W.B. Lewis, 7 Nov. 1942, Goudsmit Papers, AIP NBLA, box 25, folder 3. The online files are organized according to the locations of the physical documents.
- 14.
Goudsmit to Lee DuBridge, 25 June 1943, ibid.
- 15.
Note 12.
- 16.
K.T. Compton to Goudsmit, 18 Aug. 1944, Goudsmit Papers, AIP NBLA, box 25, folder 3.
- 17.
Capt. Gallup to Goudsmit, 24 Aug. 1944, ibid.
- 18.
Goudsmit Papers, AIP NBLA, box 25, folder 2.
- 19.
I am grateful to Michaele Thurgood Haynes and Terry Thurgood for this information.
- 20.
Lansdale to Groves, 5 May 1945, NARA, RG 77, Microfilm M1109, Roll 2 (Alsos Mission).
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Heisenberg (1971, 190–191), and Heisenberg’s dairy, 15 Apr. to 3 May 1945, in Heisenberg and Heisenberg (2016, 250–263).
- 23.
Major Ham to Colonel Pash, Report, 12 May 45, NARA, RG 77, Microfilm M1109, roll 4.
- 24.
Pash to Chief, Military Intelligence Service, War Dept., “Subject: Alpine Operation,” 18 May 45, NARA, RG 77, M1109, roll 4; and Pash (1969, 219–241).
- 25.
Interview with Mrs. Heisenberg, Göttingen, Germany.
- 26.
Samuel A. Goudsmit Papers, AIP NBLA, Box 10.
- 27.
Max von Laue to Theodor von Laue, 7 Aug. 1945, Laue Papers.
- 28.
C.F. von Weizsäcker, Bewusstseinswandel (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1988, 365), excerpt from an interview with Stern.
- 29.
Little is known of T. H. Rittner, even his first and middle names are not known for certain.
- 30.
Laue to his son, 26 May 1945, Laue Papers. Italics added.
- 31.
Bagge’s diary, in Bagge et al. (1957, 49).
- 32.
Goudsmit to C.F. Symthe, 26 Nov. 1945, Goudsmit Papers, AIP NBLA, Box 28, Folder 52.
- 33.
H Morgenthau, Jr., “Program to Prevent Germany from Starting World War III,” in Morgenthau, Germany Is Our Problem (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945), iii–vi.
- 34.
Kemble, memo of 9 July 1945, quoted by Mahoney (1981, 353 and 358).
- 35.
Goudsmit to Noel C. Little, 1 Mar. 1946, Goudsmit Papers, AIP NBLA, Box 28, Folder 51.
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Cassidy, D.C. (2017). A Brief History of the German Project, Alsos, and Farm Hall. In: Farm Hall and the German Atomic Project of World War II. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59578-8_2
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