Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Personality in Nonhuman Animals pp 225–236Cite as

Felid Personality and Its Implications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Animal personality is becoming more of a focus in a variety of fields, and whereas there is still a bias toward primates, it is important to assess personality in other species. There is little work done with felids, yet felids represent a population of animals that could benefit from such research. Most of the 37 species of felids are endangered, with as few as 60 of some species left in the wild (e.g., the Amur leopard). In addition, due to their large home range sizes, they face distinct challenges in zoos. Although steps are being taken to address both conservation and welfare of these animals, understanding the causes and consequences of felid personality has the potential to aid in these efforts, with the goal of improving the lives of individual animals, and ensuring the future of each species. This chapter considers the measurement of felid personality, its relationship to health and life outcomes, and its potential role in conservation and welfare. Much more research focused on felids is needed, and personality research can add greatly to the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, M. J., King, J. E., & Weiss, A. (2012). The majority of genetic variation in orangutan personality and subjective well-being is nonadditive. Behavior Genetics, 42, 675–686.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Animal Shelter Euthanasia. Retrieved June 30, 2016 from http://www.americanhumane.org/animals/stop-animal-abuse/fact-sheets/animal-shelter-euthanasia.html

  • Arahori, M., Hori, Y., Saito, A., Chiijiiwa, H., Takagi, S., Ito, Y., et al. (2015). The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism in cats (Felis catus) is associated with “Roughness” assessed by owners. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 11, 109–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boitani, L., & Ciucci, P. (1995). Comparative social ecology of feral dogs and wolves. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 7, 49–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunberg, E., Gille, S., Mikko, S., Lindgren, G., & Keeling, L. J. (2013). Icelandic horses with the silver coat colour show altered behaviour in a fear reaction test. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 146, 72–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capitanio, J. P. (2002). Sociability and responses to video playbacks in adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Primates, 43, 169–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capitanio, J. P. (2011). Nonhuman primate personality and immunity: Mechanisms of health and disease. In A. Weiss, J. E. King, & L. Murray (Eds.), Personality and Temperament in Nonhuman Primates (pp. 233–255). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Carere, C., & Locurto, C. (2011). Interaction between animal personality and animal cognition. Current Zoology, 57, 491–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlstead, K., Mellen, J., & Kleiman, D. G. (1999). Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in US zoos: I. Individual behavior profiles and their relationship to breeding success. Zoo Biology, 18, 17–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clubb, R., & Mason, G. (2003). Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores. Nature, 425, 473–474. doi:10.1038/425473a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Palma, C., Viggiano, E., Barillari, E., Palme, R., Dufour, A. B., Fantini, C., et al. (2005). Evaluating the temperament in shelter dogs. Behaviour, 142, 1307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Rouck, M., Kitchener, A. C., Law, G., & Nelissen, M. (2005). A comparative study of the influence of social housing conditions on the behaviour of captive tigers (Panthera tigris). Animal Welfare, 14, 229–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deary, I. J., Weiss, A., & Batty, G. D. (2010). Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: How researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 53–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Wellbeing, 3, 1–43. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Reviews, 41, 417–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C. A., Menotti-Raymond, M., Roca, A. L., Hupe, K., Johnson, W. E., Geffen, E., et al. (2007). The Near Eastern origin of cat domestication. Science, 317, 519–523. doi:10.1126/Science.1139518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elenkov, I. J., & Chrousos, G. P. (1999). Stress hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10, 359–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feaver, J., Mendl, M., & Bateson, P. (1986). A method for rating the individual distinctiveness of domestic cats. Animal Behavior, 34, 1016–1025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkler, H., & Terkel, J. (2015). The relationship between individual behavioural styles, dominance rank and cortisol levels of cats living in urban social groups. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 173, 22–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, H., & Gosling, S. (2010). Personality in nonhuman primates: A review and evaluation of past research. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromont, E., Artois, M., Langlais, M., Courchamp, F., & Pontier, D. (1997). Modelling the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in natural populations of cats (Felis catus). Theoretical Population Biology, 52, 60–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, M. C. (2015). Pet personality: A review. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 102–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, M. C., & Powell, D. (2012). Personality assessment in snow leopards (Uncia uncia). Zoo Biology, 31, 151–165. doi:10.1002/zoo.20385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, M. C., Powell, D. M., & Weiss, A. (2014). Personality structure in five felids (Felis silvestris catus, Felis silvestris grampia, Neofelis nebulosa, Panthera uncia, and Panthera leo): A comparative study. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 128, 414–426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, M. C., Powell, D. M., & Weiss, A. (2016). Comparison of subjective well-being and personality assessments in the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), and African lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 19, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, M. C., & Weiss, A. (2013a). Personality in felids: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 144, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, M. C., & Weiss, A. (2013b). Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia) personality and subjective well-being: Implications for captive management. Journal of Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147, 261–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glassé, C. (2003). The new encyclopedia of Islam (p. 102). Rowman Altamira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gourkow, N., & Fraser, D. (2006). The effect of housing and handling practices on the welfare, behavior and selection of domestic cats (Felis sylvestris catus) by adopters in an animal shelter. Animal Welfare, 15, 371–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, D. What are cats thinking? Retrieved June 30, 2016 from http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/04/cat_intelligence_and_cognition_are_cats_smarter_than_dogs.html

  • Hayssen, V. (1997). Effects of the nonagouti coat-color allele on behavior of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): A comparison with Normway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111, 419–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendry, A. P., & Kinnison, M. T. (1999). The pace of modern life: Measuring rates of contemporary microevolution. Evolution, 53, 1637–1653.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrelko, E. S., Vick, S.-J., & Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2012). Cognitive research in zoo-housed chimpanzees: Influence of personality and impact on welfare. American Journal of Primatology, 74, 828–840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, W. D., Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2012). A polymorphic indel containing the RS3 microsatellite in the 5′ flanking region of the vasopressin V1a receptor gene is associated with chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) personality. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 11, 552–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, Y., Hu, S., Wang, W., Wu, X., Marshall, F. B., Chen, X., et al. (2014). Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 116–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. C., & Gosling, S. D. (2005). Temperament and personality in dogs (Canis familiaris): A review and evaluation of past research. Applied Animal Behavioiur Science, 95, 1–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, G., Voith, V. L., & Schmidt, P. L. (2016). The use of fluoxetine by veterinarians in dogs and cats: A preliminary study. Veterinary Record Open, 3, e000146. doi:10.1136/vetreco-2015-000146

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • King, J. E., & Figueredo, A. J. (1997). The five-factor model plus dominance in chimpanzee personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 257–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, J. E., & Landau, V. I. (2003). Can chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) happiness be estimated by human raters? Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 1–15. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00527-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, J. E., Weiss, A., & Farmer, K. H. (2005). A chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) analogue of cross-national generalization of personality structure: Zoological parks and an African sanctuary. Journal of Personality, 73, 389–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchener, A. C. (2000). Are cats really solitary? Lutra, 43, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledger, R., & O’Farrell, V. (1996). Factors influencing the reactions of cats to humans and novel objects. In I. J. H. Duncan, T. M. Widowski, & D. B. Haley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of the ISAE. Guelph: Col. K. L. Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, R. (2005). Cruelty toward cats: Changing perspectives. In D. J. Salem & A. N. Rowan (Eds.), The state of the animals III: 2005 (pp. 15–26). Washington, DC: Humane Society Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locurto, C. (2007). Individual differences and animal personality. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 2, 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, S. E., & Bradshaw, J. W. S. (2001). Ontogeny of individuality in the domestic cat in the home environment. Animal Behaviour, 61, 231–237. doi:10.1006/Anbe.2000.1545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, D. W., Yamaguchi, N., & Kerby, G. (2000). Group-living in the domestic cat: Its sociobiology and epidemiology. In D. C. Turner & P. Bateson (Eds.), The domestic cat: The biology of its behaviour (2nd ed., pp. 95–118). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. (1961). Cause and effect in biology. Science, 134, 1501–1506.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCune, S. (1995). The impact of paternity and early socialization on the development of cats’ behavior to people and novel objects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 45, 109–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, P. T., Réale, D., Sol, D., & Reader, S. M. (2006). Wildlife conservation and animal temperament: Causes and consequences of evolutionary change for captive, reintroduced, and wild populations. Animal Conservation, 9, 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meier, M., & Turner, D. C. (1985). Reactions of house cats during encounters with a strange person: Evidence for two personality types. Journal of the Delta Society, 2, 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklósi, Á., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Gácsi, M., Virányi, Z., & Csányi, V. (2003). A simple reason for a big difference: Wolves do not look back at humans, but dogs do. Current Biology, 13, 763–766.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miklósi, Á., Pongrácz, P., Lakatos, G., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2005). A comparative study of the use of visual communicative signals in interactions between dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans and cats (Felis catus) and humans. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 119, 179–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. (2010). Japan’s zoomorphic urge. ASIANetwork Exchange: A Journal for Asian Studies in the Liberal Arts, 17, 69–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. S. (2010). Personality in domestic cats (Felis catus): Identification and description of personality structure, predictive validity, and associations with coat color characteristics. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natoli, E., Say, L., Cafazzo, S., Bonanni, R., Schmid, M., & Pontier, D. (2005). Bold attitude makes male urban feral domestic cats more vulnerable to feline immunodeficiency virus. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(151–157), 2004. doi:10.1016/J.Neubiorev.06.011

    Google Scholar 

  • Neidhart, L., & Boyd, R. (2002). Companion animal adoption study. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 5, 175–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, S. J., Johnson, W., Driscoll, C., Pontius, J., Pecon-Slattery, J., & Menotti-Raymond, M. (2008). State of cat genomics. Trends in Genetics, 24, 268–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orians, G. H. (1962). Natural selection and ecological theory. The American Naturalist, 96, 257–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C., & Peck, D. (2007). The effects of personality of keepers and tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) on their behaviour in an interactive zoo exhibit. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 106(244–258), 2007. doi:10.1016/J.Applanim.01.007

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, D. M., Hong, L., Carlstead, K. J., Kleiman, D. G., Zhang, H., Zhang, G., et al. (2008). Relationships between temperament, husbandry, management, and socio-sexual behavior in captive male and female giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Acta Zoologica Sinica, 54, 169–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raihani, G., Rodriguez, A., Saldana, A., Guarneros, M., & Hudson, R. (2014). A proposal for assessing individual differences in behaviour during early development in the domestic cat. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 154, 48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. (1977). Genetics for cat breeders (2nd ed.). London: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, P. M., Lopez, R. R., & Collier, B. A. (2007). Survival, fecundity, and movements of free-roaming cats. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71, 915–919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serpell, J. A. (2000). Domestication and history of the cat. In D. C. Turner & P. Bateson (Eds.), The domestic cat: The biology of its behaviour (2nd ed., pp. 179–192). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherdson, D. (1994). The role of environmental enrichment in the captive breeding and reintroduction of endangered species. In P. J. S. Olney, G. M. Mace, & A. T. C. Feistner (Eds.), Creative conservation: Interactive management of wild and captive animals (pp. 167–177). London: Chapman & Hall.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sinn, L. (2016). Factors affecting the selection of cats by adopters. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. R., & Blumstein, D. T. (2008). Fitness consequences of personality: A meta-analysis. Behavioral Ecology, 19, 448–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 138–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stelow, E. A., Bain, M. J., & Kass, P. H. (2016). The relationship between coat color and aggressive behaviors in the domestic cat. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 19, 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson-Hinde, J., Stillwell-Barnes, R., & Zunz, M. (1980). Subjective assessment of rhesus monkeys over four successive years. Primates, 21, 66–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoinski, T. S., Lukas, K. E., Kuhar, C. W., & Maple, T. L. (2004). Factors influencing the formation and maintenance of all-male gorilla groups in captivity. Zoo Biology, 2004, 189–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031–1039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, N. B. (1977). Cats and commerce. Scientific American, 237, 100–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson-White, L., & Bennett, C. (2014). Rating methodology, personality axes and behavioral plasticity: A case study in African lions. Animal Behavior & Cognition, 1, 230–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A. (2009). Animal evolution during domestication: The domesticated fox as a model. BioEssays, 31, 349–360.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2002). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 865–871.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, D. C., Feaver, J., Mendl, M., & Bateson, P. (1986). Variation in domestic cat behaviour towards humans: A paternal effect. Animal Behaviour, 34, 1890–1892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umbelino, M. T. L. P. (2014). Evaluation of the relation between tameness and coat color in cats. Dissertation, Universidade de Evora.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigne, J.-D., Guilaine, J., Debue, K., Haye, L., & Gérard, P. (2004). Early taming of the cat in Cyprus. Science, 304, 259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Way, J. G., Rutledge, L., Wheeldon, T., & White, B. N. (2010). Genetic characterization of eastern “coyotes” ni eastern Massachusetts. Northeastern Naturalist, 17, 189–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, A., Adams, M. J., & King, J. E. (2011). Happy orang-utans live longer lives. Biology Letters, 7, 872–874. doi:10.1098/Rsbl.2011.0543

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, A., Adams, M. J., Widdig, A., & Gerald, M. S. (2011). Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) as living fossils of hominoid personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 125, 72–83. doi:10.1037/A0021187

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, A., Gartner, M. C., Gold, K. C., & Stoinski, T. S. (2012). Extraversion predicts longer survival in gorillas: an 18-year longitudinal study. Proc. R. Soc. B, 280, 20122231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, A., Inoue-Murayama, M., Hong, K. W., Inoue, E., Udono, T., Ochiai, T., et al. (2009). Assessing chimpanzee personality and subjective well-being in Japan. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 283–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Perkins, L. (2006). Personality and subjective well-being in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 501–511. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wemelsfelder, F. (2007). Qualitative behaviour assessment: Application to welfare assessment in extensively managed sheep. In P. Goddard (Ed.), Proceedings of welfare goals from the perspective of extensively managed sheep (pp. 57–62). Aberdeen: The Macaulay Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wielebnowski, N. C. (1998). Contributions of behavioral studies to captive management and breeding of rare and endangered mammals. In T. Caro (Ed.), Behavioral ecology and conservation biology (pp. 130–162). New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wielebnowski, N. C. (1999). Behavioral differences as predictors of breeding status in captive cheetahs. Zoo Biology, 18, 335–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M., & Brown, J. L. (2002). Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population. Zoo Biology, 21, 77–98. doi:10.1002/Zoo.10005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelmy, J., Serpell, J., Brown, D., & Siracusa, C. (2016). Behavioral associations with breed, coat type, and eye color in single-breed cats. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 13, 80–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willard, S. L., & Shively, C. A. (2012). Modeling depression in adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). American Journal of Primatology, 74, 528–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zito, S., Paterson, M., Vankan, D., Morton, J., Bennett, P., & Phillips, C. (2015). Determinants of cat choice and outcomes for adult cats and kittens adopted from an Australian animal shelter. Animals, 5, 276–314.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Philadelphia Zoo, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Marieke Cassia Gartner

Authors
  1. Marieke Cassia Gartner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marieke Cassia Gartner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA

    Jennifer Vonk

  2. Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Alexander Weiss

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA

    Stan A. Kuczaj

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gartner, M.C. (2017). Felid Personality and Its Implications. In: Vonk, J., Weiss, A., Kuczaj, S. (eds) Personality in Nonhuman Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59300-5_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation