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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy and Safety Concerns in Age-Related Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Part of the book series: Stem Cells in Clinical Applications ((SCCA))

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Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases primarily affect neurons and have heavy burden on patients, caregivers, and the economy. The number of affected individuals has significantly increased in the past decade, and it is estimated that this number will increase threefold by 2050. The available treatment options are directed toward easing the symptoms. The discovery of stem cells has expanded our understanding of developmental biology and provided us with new opportunities to treat incurable diseases. Nevertheless, stem cell technology is not perfect and has ethical and biological limitations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide us with opportunity to overcome these problems. iPSCs may also serve as new therapeutic tools and accelerate the research on etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of these diseases and describe current and future iPSC technology and clinical application and safety of iPSCs as therapeutic tools.

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Abbreviations

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AKT:

RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase

APOE:

Apolipoprotein E

APP:

Amyloid precursor protein

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BiP:

Binding immunoglobulin protein

BSI:

β-secretase inhibitor

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

c-Myc:

Cytoplasmic Myc protein

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNV:

Copy number variation

Crispr/Cas9:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CAS9 RNA-guided nucleases

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DJ-1:

PARK7

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ES:

Embryonic stem cells

FAD:

Familial form of Alzheimer’s disease

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

G-CSF:

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GSK-3:

Activated glycogen synthase kinase 3

GSK-3:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3

GWAS:

Genome-wide associated studies

hES:

Human embryonic stem cells

hiPSCs:

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HUVEC:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IKBKAP:

Inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated protein

iNSC:

Induced neural stem cells

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Klf4:

Kruppel-like factor 4

LRRK2:

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2

LV:

Lentivirus

MAO:

Monoamine oxidase

MEFs:

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts

MMP:

Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization

MPTP:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial DNA

NaB:

Sodium butyrate

NAB2:

N-aryl benzimidazole

NHP:

Nonhuman primate

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NOS:

Nitric acid synthase

NPC:

Neural progenitor cells

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2

NTFs:

Neurofibrillary tangles

Oct3/4:

Octamer 3/4

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PDAPP:

Promoter-driven amyloid precursor protein

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PINK1:

PTEN-induced putative kinase 1

PLG:

Polylactide-co-glycolide

PSEN1:

Presenilin 1

PSEN2:

Presenilin 2

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAD:

Sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease

SNCA:

Synuclein, Alpha

Sox2:

SRY-box containing gene 2

TALEN:

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VPA:

Valproic acid

VPS35:

Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35

VSV-G:

Vesicular stomatitis virus G

ZFN:

Zinc finger nucleases

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti, 35340, Izmir, Turkey

    Erden Eren, Erdogan Pekcan Erkan, Sermin Genc & Kemal Kursad Genc

  2. Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti, 35340, Izmir, Turkey

    Erden Eren, Erdogan Pekcan Erkan & Sermin Genc

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  1. Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Phuc Van Pham

  2. Centre for Education Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

    Achim Rosemann

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Eren, E., Erkan, E.P., Genc, S., Genc, K.K. (2017). Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy and Safety Concerns in Age-Related Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases. In: Pham, P., Rosemann, A. (eds) Safety, Ethics and Regulations. Stem Cells in Clinical Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59165-0_2

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