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Nutrient Fluxes and Ecological Functions of Coral Reef Sponges in a Changing Ocean

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Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges

Abstract

Coral reefs are iconic examples of biological hotspots, highly appreciated because of their ecosystem services. Yet, they are threatened by human impact and climate change, highlighting the need to develop tools and strategies to curtail changes in these ecosystems. Remarkably, ever since Darwin’s descriptions of coral reefs, it has been a mystery how one of Earth’s most productive and diverse ecosystems thrives in oligotrophic seas, as an oasis in a marine desert. Sponges are now increasingly recognized as key ecosystem engineers, efficiently retaining and transferring energy and nutrients on the reef. As a result, current reef food web models, lacking sponge-driven resource cycling, are incomplete and need to be redeveloped. However, mechanisms that determine the capacity of sponge “engines,” how they are fueled, and drive communities are unknown. Here we will discuss how sponges integrate within the novel reef food web framework. To this end, sponges will be evaluated on functional traits (morphology, associated microbes, pumping rate) in the processing of dissolved and particulate food. At the community level, we discuss to what extent these different traits are a driving force in structuring shallow- to deep-sea reef ecosystems, from fuel input (primary producers) to engine output (driving and modulating the consumer food web). Finally, as climate change causes the onset of alterations in the community structure and food web of reef ecosystems, there is evidence accumulating that certain biological pathways are triggered, such as the sponge loop and the microbial loop, that may shift reef ecosystems faster than their original stressors (e.g., warming oceans and ocean acidification). Unfortunately, these biological pathways receive much less attention at present, which seriously hampers our ability to predict future changes within reef ecosystems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Post Office Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Jasper M. de Goeij

  2. School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA

    Michael P. Lesser

  3. Center for Marine Science and Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA

    Joseph R. Pawlik

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  1. Jasper M. de Goeij
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Correspondence to Jasper M. de Goeij .

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  1. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico

    José Luis Carballo

  2. School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

    James J. Bell

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de Goeij, J.M., Lesser, M.P., Pawlik, J.R. (2017). Nutrient Fluxes and Ecological Functions of Coral Reef Sponges in a Changing Ocean. In: Carballo, J., Bell, J. (eds) Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59008-0_8

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