Skip to main content

Reshoring: A Stage in Economic Development or a False Patriotic Tune? The Case of the Polish Apparel and Footwear Industry

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Reshoring of Manufacturing

Part of the book series: Measuring Operations Performance ((MEOP))

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine economic and political grounds and consequences of near-reshoring and reshoring activities in Polish apparel and footwear sector. As the consumers and companies perspective is taken, the applied method is a combination of surveys conducted amongst Polish apparel and footwear companies and consumers together with some statistical analysis about the evolution of this sector in Poland and anecdotal evidence about reshoring and near reshoring activities. The paper contributes to literature by taking both a value-driven and a political economy perspective and enhances the understanding as to how reshoring and near-reshoring can both reshape business models and serve as smart tools of a new protectionism at the level of the national or regional economy.

The chapter is a result of the project financed from sources of the National Centre of Science DEC-2013/11/B/HS4/01484.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The term “populism” is used here in a negative sense. According to Economist (July, 4th, 2016): “Trumpism looks set to earn its own dictionary entry: An unpleasant but often politically successful mix of populism, nativism and xenophobia, delivered with a dollop of cynicism”.

  2. 2.

    (See eg. World Bank Doing Business Report, 2016).

  3. 3.

    We are aware that the correlation itself does not determine the causal relationship between two variables but it is one of its conditions (Babbie 2008, p. 547).

  4. 4.

    4f, Americanos, Big Star, Carry, Cropp, Diverse, Gatta, GinoRossi, House, Lavard, Medicine, Mohito, Monnari, Outhorn, PrettyOne, Reserved, Sinsay, Solar, Tallinder.

References

  • Ancarani A, Di Mauro C, Fratocchi L, Orzes G, Sartor M (2015) Prior to reshoring: a duration analysis of foreign manufacturing ventures. Int J Prod Econ 169:141–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby A (2016) From global to local: reshoring for sustainability. Oper Manag Res 9(3–4):75–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babbie E (2008) Podstawy badań społecznych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa

    Google Scholar 

  • Bair J, Gereffi G (2003) Upgrading, uneven development, and jobs in the North American apparel industry. Glob Netw 3(2):143–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balabanis G, Diamantopoulos A (2008) Brand origin identification by consumers: a classification perspective. J Int Market 16(1):39–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bannister JP, Saunders JA (1978) UK consumers’ attitudes towards imports: the measurement of national stereotype image. Eur J Mark 12(8):562–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benito G, Welch L (1997) De-Internationalization. Manag Int Rev 37(2):7–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilkey WJ, Nes E, Ring GA (1982) Country-of-Origin effects on product evaluations. J Int Bus Stud 13(1):89–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonacich E, Cheng L, Chinchilla N, Hamilton N, Ong P (1994) Global production: the apparel industry in the Pacific Rim. Temple University Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulstridge E, Carrigan M (2000) Do consumers really care about corporate responsibility? Highlighting the attitude-behaviour gap. J Commun Manag 4(4):355–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calof J, Beamish P (1995) Adapting to foreign markets: explaining internationalization. Int Bus Rev 4(2):115–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calori R, Melin L, Atamer T, Gustavsson P (2000) Innovative international strategies. J World Bus 35(4):333–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo AC, Palumbo M (2006) Manufacturing re-insourcing in the textile industry. Ind Manag Data Syst 16(2):193–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrigan M, Attalla A (2001) The myth of the ethical consumer- do ethics matter in purchase behavior. J Consum Mark 18(7):560–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier M., & Mazzalovo G. (2008). Luxury brand management. A world of privilege. Wiley, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark HF Jr (1987) Consumer and corporate values: yet another view on global marketing. Int J Advertising 6(1):29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conca J (2015). Making climate change fashionable—the garment industry takes on global Warming. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017

  • Crater D, Hurwitz J, Libby T, Parkins M (2015) Supporting reshoring in American communities. Tools and strategies for economic developers. International Economic Development Council (IEDC). http://www.iedconline.org/clientuploads/Downloads/Reshoring/Supporting_Reshoring_Toolkit.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2017

  • Dachs B, Kinkel S (2013) Backshoring of production activities in European manufacturing: evidence from a large scale survey. In Fynes B, Coughlan P et al (eds) Proceedings of the 20th EurOMA conference: operations management, Dublin, Ireland

    Google Scholar 

  • De Backer K, Menon C, Desnoyers-James I, Moussiegt L (2016) Reshoring: myth or reality? OECD science, technology and industry policy papers, 27. OECD Publishing, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pelsmacker P, Driesen L, Rayp G (2003) Are fair trade labels good business? Ethics and coffee buying intentions, working paper Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson KG (1999) Textiles and apparel in the global economy, 3rd edn. Merrill/Prentice–Hall

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupuis E (2000) Not in my body: rBGH and the rise of organic milk. Agric Hum Values 17(3):285–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EC COM (2012) A stronger European industry for growth and economic recovery, EUR-Lex, http://eurlex.europa.eu/. Accessed: 22 Jan 2017

  • EC COM (2014) A European Industrial Renaissance, EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/. Accessed: 21 Jan 2017

  • Ellram LM (2013) Offshoring, reshoring and the manufacturing location decision. J Suppl Chain Manag 49(2):3–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EMIS (2016) Textile, clothing and footwear Poland. A Euromoney Institutional Investor Company. https://www.emis.com/. Accessed 25 Jan 2017

  • Ernst & Young (2015) Reshoring manufacturing—time to seize the opportunity. The economic opportunity for the UK to reshore and the implications for Government and businesses, Ernst & Young LLP, http://www.ey.com/. Accessed 15 Jan 2017

  • Euratex (2016) Euratex annual report—2015. The European apparel and textile confederation. Accessed http://euratex.eu/library/reports/annual-reports. Accessed 11 Jan 2017

  • Euromonitor International (2016) Fast fashion. In 2016: Digital opportunities and agile threats. Part II, http://www.euromonitor.com/fast-fashion-in-2016-digital-opportunities-and-agile-threats-part-ii/report. Accessed 17 Jan 2017

  • Fashion United (2017). Global fashion industry statistics—international apparel, https://fashionunited.com/global-fashion-industry-statistics. Accessed 14 Jan 2017

  • Forsal (2013) Produkcja odzieży wraca z Azji do Polski. Branża będzie zatrudniać

    Google Scholar 

  • Fratocchi L, Ancarani A, Barbieri P, Di Mauro C, Nassimbeni G, Sartor M, Vignoli M, Zanoni A (2016) Motivations of manufacturing reshoring: an interpretative framework. Int J Phys Distrib Logistics Manag 46(2):98–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fratocchi L, Di Mauro C, Barbieri P, Ancarani A, Iapadre L, Zanoni A (2014) Manufacturing reshoring: threat or opportunity for East Central Europe and baltic countries. In: Zhuplev A, Liuhto K (ed) Geo-regional competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries, and Russia, pp 83–118. IGI Global

    Google Scholar 

  • Fratocchi L, Di Mauro C, Barbieri P, Nassimbeni G (2014b) When manufacturing moves back: concepts and questions. J Purchasing Suppl Manag 20(1):54–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukunishi T, Goto K, Yamagata T (2013) Aid for Trade and Value Chains in Textiles and Apparel, OECD/WTO/IDE-JETRO, http://www.oecd.org/dac/aft/AidforTrade_SectorStudy_Textiles.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2017

  • Gaedeke R (1973) Consumer attitudes toward products ‘Made In’ developing countries. J Retail 49:13–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi G (1988) Commodity chains and regional divisions of labour in East Asia. In: Kim EM (ed) The four Asian tigers: economic development and the global political economy. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 93–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi G (1999) International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain. J Int Econ 48(1):37–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi G, Frederick S (2010) The Global Apparel Value Chain, Trade and the Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 5281. World Bank, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens A (1991) Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto

    Google Scholar 

  • Good LK, Huddleston P (1995) Ethnocentrism of Polish and Russian consumers: are feelings and intentions related? Int Mark Rev 12(3):35–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goto K (2012) Is the Vietnamese garment industry at a turning point? Upgrading from the export to the domestic market. Institute of Developing Economies Discussion Paper, 373. IDE-JETRO, Chiba

    Google Scholar 

  • Goto K, Natsuda K, Thoburn J (2011) Meeting the challenge of China: the Vietnamese garment industry in the post MFA era. Glob Netw 11(3):355–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray JV, Skowronski K, Esenduran G, Rungtusanatham MJ (2013) The reshoring phenomenon: what supply chain academics ought to know and should do. J Suppl Chain Manag 49(2):27–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnami A, Mishra A (2012) Textile & apparel compendium 2012, Technopak. Available at: http://www.technopak.com/files/Technopak_Compendium_Textile_Apparel_2012.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2017

  • Haakansson H, Wootz B (1975) Supplier selection in an international environment—an experimental study. J Mark Res 12:46–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hampton GM (1977) Perceived risk in buying products made abroad by American firms. Baylor Bus Stud 5(1):53–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Han CM (1988) The role of consumer patriotism in the choice of domestic versus foreign products. J Advertising Res 28(3):25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Holz R (2009) An investigation into offshoring and backshoring in the German Automotive Industry Dissertation. University of Wales, UK. http://forsal.pl/artykuly/741359,produkcja-odziezy-wraca-z-azji-do-polski-branza-bedzie-zatrudniac.html

  • Hughner RS, McDonagh P, Prothero A, Shultz CJ, Stanton J (2007) Who are organic food consumers? A compilation and review of why people purchase organic food. J Consum Behav 6(23):94–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iozia EM, Leirião JC (2014) Opinion of the European economic and social committee on the reshoring of EU industries in the framework of reindustrialization. Official J Eur Union 311/03

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapiszewski J, Mayer B (2015) Powrót z ziemi chińskiej do Polski. Firmy coraz częściej wracają z produkcją nad Wisłę. Available at: http://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/489541,powrot-z-ziemi-chinskiej-do-polski-firmy-przenosza-produkcje-z-chin-do-polski.html. Accessed 12 Jan 2017

  • Kaplinsky R (2005) Globalization, poverty and inequality. Polity Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane J, Velde DW (2008) The role of textile and clothing industries in growth and development strategies. Investment and Growth Programme Overseas Development Institute

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinkel S (2012) Trends in production relocation and backshoring activities. Int J Oper Prod Manag 32(6):696–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinkel S, Maloca S (2009) Drivers and Antecedents of manufacturing offshoring and backshoring—a german perspective. J Purchasing Suppl Manag 15(3):154–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein JG, Ettenson R (1999) Consumer animosity and consumer ethnocentrism: an analysis of unique antecedents. J Int Consum Mark 11(4):5–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotabe M, Helsen K (1988) Global marketing management. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachiewicz S, Matejun M (2006) Wpływ zmian w sektorze tekstylno-odzieżowym na proces zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem. In: Lachiewicz S (ed) Przedsiębiorstwa sektora tekstylnego - teraźniejszość i przyszłość. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, Łódź, pp 55–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibl P, Morefield R, Pfeiffer R (2011) A study of effects of backshoring in the EU. J Bus Behav Sci 23(2):72–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Maignan I, Ferrel OC (2001) Antecedents and benefits of corporate citizenship: an investigation of french businesses. J Bus Res 51(1):37–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marketline (2015) Poland—apparel retail. Market segmentation. www.marketlineinfo.com. Accessed 20 Jan 2017

  • Matten D, Crane A (2005) Corporate citizenship: toward an extended theoretical conceptualization. Acad Manag Rev 30(1):166–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrjoo M, Pasek ZJ (2015) Risk assessment for the supply chain of fast fashion apparel industry: a system dynamics framework. Int J Prod Res 54(1):28–48. doi:10.1080/00207543.2014.997405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Money RB, Colton D (2008) The response of the ‘new consumer’to promotion in the transition economies of the former Soviet bloc. J World Bus 35(2):189–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moraes C, Carrigan M, Szmigin I (2012) The coherence of inconsistencies: Attitude-behaviour gaps and new consumption communities. J Mark Manag 28(1):103–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nash-Hoff M (2016) Reshoring has become an economic development strategy http://www.industryweek.com/trade/reshoring-has-become-economic-development-strategy. Accessed 17 Jan 2017

  • Nordas HK (2004) The global textile and clothing industry post the agreement on textiles and clothing. Discussion paper no. 5. World Trade Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2011) Attractiveness for innovation: location factors for international investment. OECD Publishing, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Oetzel J, Doh JP (2009) MNEs and Development: A Review and Reconceptualization. J World Bus 44(2):108–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olejak K (2015) Więcej niż sieciówki. Analiza polskiego rynku odzieżowego http://jagiellonski24.pl/2015/10/11/wiecej-niz-sieciowki-analiza-polskiego-rynku-odziezowego/. Accessed 17 Jan 2017

  • Otto P (2013) 6 tys. pracowników poszukiwanych. W Polsce wzrasta produkcja ubrań i obuwia. Gazeta Prawna. http://biznes.gazetaprawna.pl. Accessed 27 Jan 2017

  • Parkins, M. (2015). Defining the reshoring discussion, International Economic Development Council (IEDC). http://www.iedconline.org/clientuploads/Downloads/Reshoring/Reshoring_American_Jobs.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017

  • Perry A, Chung T (2016) Understand attitude-behavior gaps and benefit-behavior connections in eco-apparel. J Fashion Mark Manag 20(1):105–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickles J, Plank L, Staritz C, Glasmeier A (2015) Trade policy and regionalisms in global clothing production networks. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 8(3):381–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polonsky MJ, Carlson L, Fry ML (2003) The harm chain: a public policy development and stakeholder perspective. Market Theor 3(3):345–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter ME (1985) Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehman H (2016). Shocking environmental implications of fashion. The Huffington post. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/heidy-rehman/shocking-environmental-fast-fashion_b_8009850.html. Accessed 15 Jan 2017

  • Reshoring Initiative (2016a) Reshoring initiative data report: reshoring and FDI boost US manufacturing in 2015, http://reshorenow.org/blog/reshoring-initiative-data-report-reshoring-and-fdi-boost-us-manufacturing-in-2015/. Accessed 20 Jan 2017

  • Reshoring Initiative (2016b) Total cost of ownership estimator, http://www.reshorenow.org/tco-estimator/. Accessed 22 Jan 2017

  • Roberts JA (1996a) Green consumers in the 1990s: profile and Implications for advertising. J Bus Res 36(3):217–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JA (1996b) Will the socially responsible consumer please step forward? Bus Horiz 39(1):79–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts L (2017) Global apparel market now worth $1.7trn thanks to athleisure growth, 19th January 2017, https://www.theindustrylondon.com/global-apparel-market-now-worth-1-7trn-thanks-athleisure-growth/. Accessed 27 Jan 2017

  • Roth MS, Romeo JB (1992) Matching product category and country image perceptions: a framework for managing country-of-origin effects. J Int Bus Stud 23(3):477–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rouge J-F (2016) Sweet Sweatshops—a reflexion about the impact of sweatshops on countries’ competitiveness. J Econ Theor Anal 4(1):7–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Sardar S, Lee YH, Memon MS (2016) A sustainable outsourcing strategy regarding cost, capacity flexibility, and risk in a textile supply chain. Sustainability 8:234. doi:10.3390/su8030234

  • Schmitz H, Knorringa P (2000) Learning from global buyers. J Dev Stud 37(2):177–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schooler RD, Wildt AR (1968) Elasticity of product bias. J Mark Res 5(1):78–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuh A (1994) Marketing in East Central Europe: an evolutionary framework for marketing strategy development, paper presented at Conference on Marketing Strategies for Central and Eastern Europe, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Shankarmahesh MN (2006) Consumer ethnocentrism: an integrative review of its antecedents and consequences. Int Mark Rev 23(2):146–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Shimp T, Shin J (1995) Consumer ethnocentrism: a test of antecedents and moderators. J Acad Mark Sci 23(1):26–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shih WC (2013) The re-industrialization of the United States? Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter 60(2):297–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimp T, Sharma S (1987) Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. J Mark Res 24(3):280–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla P (2011) Impact of interpersonal influences, brand origin and brand image on luxury purchase intentions: measuring interfunctional interactions and a cross-national comparison. J World Bus 46(2):242–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirkin H, Zinser M, Rose J (2014) Made in America, again. The Boston Consulting Group October http://www.slideshare.net/TheBostonConsultingGroup/bcg-mfg-survey-key-findings-slideshare-deckoctober-2014f3. Accessed 19 Jan 2017

  • Staritz C (2012) Apparel exports—still a path for industrial development? Dynamics in apparel global value chains and implications for low-income countries. OEFSE Working Paper No. 34

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudak I (2013) Jak działa polska branża odzieżowa, czyli paryski krój spod Łodzi. Gazeta Wyborcza. www.wyborcza.biz. Accessed 26 Jan 2017

  • Tallontire A, Rentsendorj E, Blowfield M (2001) Ethical consumers and ethical trade: a review of current literature. Policy Series 12, Natural Resources Institute, Kent

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate WL (2014) Offshoring and reshoring: US insights and research challenges. J Purchasing Suppl Manag 20(1):66–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakor MV, Kohli CS (1996) Brand origin: conceptualization and review. J Consum Market 13(3):27–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Boston Consulting Group (2013) Behind the American export surge: the U.S. as one of the developed World’s lowest-cost manufacturers, www.bcgperspectives.com. Accessed 25 Jan 2017

  • The Economist (2012) The end of cheap China? http://www.economist.com/node/2154995624. Accessed 26 Jan 2017

  • The Economist (2013) Reshoring manufacturing. Coming home, www.economist.eom/news/special-report/21569570-growing-number-american-companies-are-moving-their-manufacturing-back-united. Accessed 24 Jan 2017

  • The Guardian (2017) Ford cancels plans for Mexico plant as Donald Trump threatens to tax GM. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jan/03/donald-trump-general-motors-tax-chevrolet-cruz. Accessed 26 Jan. 2017

  • Toloken S (2017) Trump on manufacturing, reshoring and trade, http://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20161123/BLOG03/161129926/trump-on-manufacturing-reshoring-and-trade. Accessed 23 Jan. 2017

  • UNCTAD (2013) Global value chains: investemnt and trade for development. World invetsment report 2013, United Nations, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • UNCTAD (2016) Robots and industrialization in developing countries, Policy Bief No. 50, October 2016, United Nations, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • UNIDO (2016) International yearbook of industrial statistics 2016. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Edward Elgar Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Urry J (2015) Offshoring. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, Warszawa

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bossche V, Gupta P, Gutierrez H, Gott J, Levering B (2015) U.S. Reshoring: over before it begun? AT Kearney. https://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/7070019/US+Reshoring.pdf/14777afa-0c14-460e-937b-11233be340b6. Accessed 10 Jan 2017

  • Vermeir I, Verbeke W (2006) Sustainable food consumption: exploring the consumer attitude—behavioral intention. J Agric Environ Ethics 19:169–194. doi:10.1007/s10806-005-5485-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welch L, Luostarinen R (1988) Internationalization: Evolution of a Concept. J Gen Manag 14(2):34–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Westkämper E (2014) Towards the re-industrialization of Europe a concept for manufacturing for 2030. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Wöhrle C, Berkowitz N, Riedel L (2016) Human rights violations in the garment industry. http://teachinghumanrights.org/content/human-rights-violations-garment-industry. Accessed 17 Jan 2017

  • Young IM (2004) Responsibility and global labor justice. J Polit Philos 12(4):365–388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00205.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwolinski M (2006) Sweatshops—defiitions, history, and morality. http://home.sandiego.edu/~mzwolinski/Sweatshops_essay_web.pdf. Accessed 27 Jan 2017

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beata Stępień .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stępień, B., Młody, M. (2017). Reshoring: A Stage in Economic Development or a False Patriotic Tune? The Case of the Polish Apparel and Footwear Industry. In: Vecchi, A. (eds) Reshoring of Manufacturing. Measuring Operations Performance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58883-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics