Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stress and Glucocorticoid Action in the Brain and Ear: Implications for Tinnitus

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Tinnitus and Stress

Abstract

This contribution highlights the role of stress and cortisol in tinnitus. Firstly, stressors such as loud noise, infection, and injury can cause hearing loss and tinnitus pathology. Secondly, stress-induced cortisol levels are decreased in individuals with tinnitus with consequences for functioning of the inner ear, the central auditory system, and its targets in the limbic brain circuit relevant for processing of stressful acoustic information. Thirdly, the phantom sound experienced by the tinnitus patient eventually may precipitate signs of a stress-related disorder. The chapter concludes with options to exploit cortisol action for tinnitus management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akiyama K, Miyashita T, Matsubara A, Inamoto R, Mori T, Nishiyama A, Mori N (2010) Expression and localization of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) in the rat endolymphatic sac. Acta Otolaryngol 130:228–232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo MF, Oliveira CA, Bahmad FM Jr (2005) Intratympanic dexamethasone injections as a treatment for severe, disabling tinnitus: does it work? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131(2):113–117. doi:10.1001/archotol.131.2.113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barreto MA, Silva IB, de Oliveira CA, Bahmad F Jr (2012) Intratympanic corticotherapy and tinnitus control after sudden hearing loss. Int Tinnitus J 17:186–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett CE, Arambula SE, Young LJ (2015) The oxytocin system promotes resilience to the effects of neonatal isolation on adult social attachment in female prairie voles. Transl Psychiatry 5:e606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Basappa J, Graham CE, Turcan S, Vetter DE (2012) The cochlea as an independent neuroendocrine organ: expression and possible roles of a local hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-equivalent signaling system. Hear Res 288:3–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg DT, de Kloet ER, van Dijken HH, de Jong W (1990) Differential central effects of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid agonists and antagonists on blood pressure. Endocrinology 126:118–124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Betancur C, Borrell J, Guaza C (1995) Cytokine regulation of corticosteroid receptors in the rat hippocampus: effects of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide. Neuroendocrinology 62:47–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan R, Perlis RH, Fagerness J, Pizzagalli DA (2010) The impact of mineralocorticoid receptor iso/val genotype (rs5522) and stress on reward learning. Genes Brain Behav 9:658–667

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan R, Williamson DE, Hariri AR (2012) Mineralocorticoid receptor iso/val (rs5522) genotype moderates the association between previous childhood emotional neglect and amygdala reactivity. Am J Psychiatry 169:515–522

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib S, Puglisi-Allegra S (2012) The mesoaccumbens dopamine in coping with stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:79–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB (1939) The wisdom of the body, Rev. and enlarged edn. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J (1976) Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. II. Discrimination of depressed from nondepressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1051–1058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J (2013) 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 93:1139–1206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SJ, Lee JB, Lim HJ, In SM, Kim JY, Bae KH, Choung YH (2013) Intratympanic dexamethasone injection for refractory tinnitus: prospective placebo-controlled study. Laryngoscope 123(11):2817–2822. doi:10.1002/lary.24126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chrousos GP, Gold PW (1992) The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 267:1244–1252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallman MF (2010) Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab 21:159–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallman MF, Hellhammer DH (2011) Regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic stress, and energy: the role of brain networks. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Datson NA, van den Oever JM, Korobko OB, Magarinos AM, de Kloet ER, McEwen BS (2013) Previous history of chronic stress changes the transcriptional response to glucocorticoid challenge in the dentate gyrus region of the male rat hippocampus. Endocrinology 154:3261–3272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Day TA (2005) Defining stress as a prelude to mapping its neurocircuitry: no help from allostasis. Prog Neuro-Psychoph 29:1195–1200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Maria R, Landolina M, Gasparini M, Schmitz B, Campolo J, Parolini M, Sanzo A, Galimberti P, Bianchi M, Brand SM, Parodi O, Lunati M (2012) Genetic variants of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Card Fail 18:762–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dehmel S, Cui YL, Shore SE (2008) Cross-modal interactions of auditory and somatic inputs in the brainstem and midbrain and their imbalance in tinnitus and deafness. Am J Audiol 17:S193–S209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DeRijk RH, Wust S, Meijer OC, Zennaro MC, Federenko IS, Hellhammer DH, Giacchetti G, Vreugdenhil E, Zitman FG, de Kloet ER (2006) A common polymorphism in the mineralocorticoid receptor modulates stress responsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:5083–5089

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di S, Malcher-Lopes R, Halmos KC, Tasker JG (2003) Nongenomic glucocorticoid inhibition via endocannabinoid release in the hypothalamus: a fast feedback mechanism. J Neurosci 23:4850–4857

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dias-Ferreira E, Sousa JC, Melo I, Morgado P, Mesquita AR, Cerqueira JJ, Costa RM, Sousa N (2009) Chronic stress causes frontostriatal reorganization and affects decision-making. Science 325:621–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodson KM, Sismanis A (2004) Intratympanic perfusion for the treatment of tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 37:991–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan R, Meric A, Gedik O, Tugrul S, Eren SB, Ozturan O (2015) Does systemic steroid deficiency affect inner ear functions? Am J Otolaryngol 36:568–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards CR, Stewart PM, Burt D, Brett L, McIntyre MA, Sutanto WS, de Kloet ER, Monder C (1988) Localisation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase—tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Lancet 2:986–989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans RM, Arriza JL (1989) A molecular framework for the actions of glucocorticoid hormones in the nervous system. Neuron 2:1105–1112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagelson MA (2007) The association between tinnitus and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Audiol 16:107–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson D, Sapolsky R (2007) Mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression differentially modulates specific phases of spatial and nonspatial memory. J Neurosci 27:8046–8052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funder JW (2015) Primary aldosteronism: seismic shifts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:2853–2855

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funder JW, Pearce PT, Smith R, Smith AI (1988) Mineralocorticoid action—target tissue-specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated. Science 242:583–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geerling JC, Loewy AD (2009) Aldosterone in the brain. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297:F559–F576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiewa P, Szczepek AJ, Rose M, Klapp BF, Mazurek B (2016) Cerebral processing of emotionally loaded acoustic signals by tinnitus patients. Audiol Neurootol 21:80–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groch S, Wilhelm I, Lange T, Born J (2013) Differential contribution of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors to memory formation during sleep. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:2962–2972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamstra DA, de Kloet ER, van Hemert AM, de Rijk RH, Van der Does AJ (2015) Mineralocorticoid receptor haplotype, oral contraceptives and emotional information processing. Neuroscience 286:412–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris AP, Holmes MC, de Kloet ER, Chapman KE, Seckl JR (2013) Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor balance in control of HPA axis and behaviour. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:648–658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa J, Hidaka H, Kuriyama S, Obara T, Hashimoto K, Tateda Y, Okumura Y, Kobayashi T, Katori Y (2015) Change in and long-term investigation of neuro-otologic disorders in disaster-stricken Fukushima prefecture: retrospective cohort study before and after the great East Japan earthquake. PLoS One 10:e0122631

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert S, Lupien SJ (2007) The sound of stress: blunted cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress in tinnitus sufferers. Neurosci Lett 411:138–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert S, Canlon B, Hasson D (2012) Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of tinnitus. Psychother Psychosom 81:324–326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henkin RI, Daly RL (1968) Auditory detection and perception in normal man and in patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency: effect of adrenal cortical steroids. J Clin Invest 47:1269–1280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Herman JP (2013) Neural control of chronic stress adaptation. Front Behav Neurosci 7:61

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Herman JP, Figueiredo H, Mueller NK, Ulrich-Lai Y, Ostrander MM, Choi DC, Cullinan WE (2003) Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness. Front Neuroendocrinol 24:151–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermans EJ, Henckens MJ, Joels M, Fernandez G (2014) Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors. Trends Neurosci 37:304–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser I, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F (1994) The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 28:341–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton DE, Chhean D, Pich V, Hofmann SG, Barlow DH (2006) Tinnitus among cambodian refugees: relationship to PTSD severity. J Trauma Stress 19:541–546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson CE, Alexander TH, Harris JP (2016) Primary treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with intratympanic dexamethasone. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 24(5):407–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F (2000) The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:477–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ter Horst JP, van der Mark MH, Arp M, Berger S, de Kloet ER, Oitzl MS (2012) Stress or no stress: mineralocorticoid receptors in the forebrain regulate behavioral adaptation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 98:33–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaisser F, Farman N (2016) Emerging roles of the mineralocorticoid receptor in pathology: toward new paradigms in clinical pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 68:49–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joels M, Baram TZ (2009) The neuro-symphony of stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:459–466

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Joels M, de Kloet ER (1989) Effects of glucocorticoids and norepinephrine on the excitability in the hippocampus. Science 245:1502–1505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joels M, de Kloet ER (1990) Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated changes in membrane properties of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4495–4498

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Joels M, de Kloet ER (1992) Control of neuronal excitability by corticosteroid hormones. Trends Neurosci 15:25–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joels M, de Kloet ER (2012) Nothing is written in stone. Biol Psychiatry 72:432–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joels M, Karst H, DeRijk R, de Kloet ER (2008) The coming out of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor. Trends Neurosci 31:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joels M, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Karst H (2012) Unraveling the time domains of corticosteroid hormone influences on brain activity: rapid, slow, and chronic modes. Pharmacol Rev 64:901–938

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanatsou S, Fearey BC, Kuil LE, Lucassen PJ, Harris AP, Seckl JR, Krugers H, Joels M (2015) Overexpression of mineralocorticoid receptors partially prevents chronic stress-induced reductions in hippocampal memory and structural plasticity. PLoS One 10:e0142012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karssen AM, Meijer OC, van der Sandt IC, Lucassen PJ, de Lange EC, de Boer AG, de Kloet ER (2001) Multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein hampers the access of cortisol but not of corticosterone to mouse and human brain. Endocrinology 142:2686–2694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karssen AM, Meijer OC, van der Sandt IC, De Boer AG, De Lange EC, de Kloet ER (2002) The role of the efflux transporter p-glycoprotein in brain penetration of prednisolone. J Endocrinol 175:251–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karssen AM, Meijer OC, Berry A, Sanjuan Pinol R, de Kloet ER (2005) Low doses of dexamethasone can produce a hypocorticosteroid state in the brain. Endocrinology 146:5587–5595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karst H, Berger S, Turiault M, Tronche F, Schutz G, Joels M (2005) Mineralocorticoid receptors are indispensable for nongenomic modulation of hippocampal glutamate transmission by corticosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:19204–19207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karst H, Berger S, Erdmann G, Schutz G, Joels M (2010) Metaplasticity of amygdalar responses to the stress hormone corticosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:14449–14454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kil SH, Kalinec F (2013) Expression and dexamethasone-induced nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in guinea pig cochlear cells. Hear Res 299:63–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby SE, Yardley L (2008) Understanding psychological distress in meniere’s disease: a systematic review. Psychol Health Med 13:257–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER (1991) Brain corticosteroid receptor balance and homeostatic control. Front Neuroendocrinol 12:95–164

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER (1997) Why dexamethasone poorly penetrates in brain. Stress 2:13–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER (2014) From receptor balance to rational glucocorticoid therapy. Endocrinology 155:2754–2769

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Reul JM (1987) Feedback action and tonic influence of corticosteroids on brain function: a concept arising from the heterogeneity of brain receptor systems. Psychoneuroendocrinology 12:83–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Joels M (2016) Stress research: past, present, and future. In: Pfaff DW (ed) Neuroscience in the 21st century from basic to clinical. Springer, New York, pp 1979–2007

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Molendijk ML (2016) Coping with the forced swim stressor: towards understanding an adaptive mechanism. Neural Plast 2016:6503162

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, van der Vies J, de Wied D (1974) The site of the suppressive action of dexamethasone on pituitary-adrenal activity. Endocrinology 94:61–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet R, Wallach G, McEwen BS (1975) Differences in corticosterone and dexamethasone binding to rat brain and pituitary. Endocrinology 96:598–609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Joels M, Oitzl M, Sutanto W (1991) Implication of brain corticosteroid receptor diversity for the adaptation syndrome concept. Methods Achiev Exp Pathol 14:104–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Oitzl MS, Schobitz B (1994) Cytokines and the brain corticosteroid receptor balance: relevance to pathophysiology of neuroendocrine-immune communication. Psychoneuroendocrinology 19:121–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E, Oitzl MS, Joels M (1998) Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr Rev 19:269–301

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Van Acker SA, Sibug RM, Oitzl MS, Meijer OC, Rahmouni K, de Jong W (2000) Brain mineralocorticoid receptors and centrally regulated functions. Kidney Int 57:1329–1336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Joels M, Holsboer F (2005) Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:463–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Otte C, Kumsta R, Kok L, Hillegers MH, Hasselmann H, Kliegel D, Joels M (2016) Stress and depression: a crucial role of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Neuroendocrinol. doi:10.1111/jne.12379

  • Klok MD, Giltay EJ, Van der Does AJ, Geleijnse JM, Antypa N, Penninx BW, de Geus EJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, van Leeuwen N, Zitman FG, de Kloet ER, DeRijk RH (2011) A common and functional mineralocorticoid receptor haplotype enhances optimism and protects against depression in females. Transl Psychiatry 1:e62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knipper M, Van Dijk P, Nunes I, Ruttiger L, Zimmermann U (2013) Advances in the neurobiology of hearing disorders: recent developments regarding the basis of tinnitus and hyperacusis. Prog Neurobiol 111:17–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koolhaas JM, Bartolomucci A, Buwalda B, de Boer SF, Flugge G, Korte SM, Meerlo P, Murison R, Olivier B, Palanza P, Richter-Levin G, Sgoifo A, Steimer T, Stiedl O, van Dijk G, Wohr M, Fuchs E (2011) Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:1291–1301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korte SM, Buwalda B, Meijer O, De Kloet ER, Bohus B (1995) Socially defeated male rats display a blunted adrenocortical response to a low dose of 8-OH-DPAT. Eur J Pharmacol 272:45–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus KS, Canlon B (2012) Neuronal connectivity and interactions between the auditory and limbic systems. Effects of noise and tinnitus. Hear Res 288:34–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruk MR, Haller J, Meelis W, de Kloet ER (2013) Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade during a rat’s first violent encounter inhibits its subsequent propensity for violence. Behav Neurosci 127:505–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavigne P, Lavigne F, Saliba I (2016) Intratympanic corticosteroids injections: a systematic review of literature. Europ Arc Otorhinolaryngol 273(9):2271–2278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus RS (2006) Emotions and interpersonal relationships: toward a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping. J Pers 74:9–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen N, Caprio M, Blaya C, Fumeron F, Sartorato P, Ronconi V, Giacchetti G, Mantero F, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Simian C, Peyrard S, Zitman FG, Penninx BW, de Kloet ER, Azizi M, Jeunemaitre X, Derijk RH, Zennaro MC (2010) The functional c.-2g>c variant of the mineralocorticoid receptor modulates blood pressure, renin, and aldosterone levels. Hypertension 56:995–1002

    Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen N, Bellingrath S, de Kloet ER, Zitman FG, DeRijk RH, Kudielka BM, Wust S (2011) Human mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene haplotypes modulate MR expression and transactivation: implication for the stress response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:699–709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung MA, Flaherty A, Zhang JA, Hara J, Barber W, Burgess L (2016) Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: primary care update. Hawaii J Med Public Health 75:172–174

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levine S (2005) Developmental determinants of sensitivity and resistance to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30:939–946

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lightman SL, Conway-Campbell BL (2010) The crucial role of pulsatile activity of the HPA axis for continuous dynamic equilibration. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:710–718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C (2009) Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:434–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurek B, Olze H, Haupt H, Szczepek AJ (2010) The more the worse: the grade of noise-induced hearing loss associates with the severity of tinnitus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7:3071–3079

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurek B, Haupt H, Olze H, Szczepek AJ (2012) Stress and tinnitus-from bedside to bench and back. Front Syst Neurosci 6:47

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurek B, Szczepek AJ, Hebert S (2015) Stress and tinnitus. HNO 63:258–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick ZL, Walega DR (2015) Cervical epidural steroid injection for refractory somatic tinnitus. Pain Pract 15:e28–e33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2007) Stress, definitions and concepts of. In: Fink G (ed) Encyclopedia of stress, vol 3, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 653–654

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2016) Stress-induced remodeling of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 1645:50–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS, Wingfield JC (2010) What is in a name? Integrating homeostasis, allostasis and stress. Horm Behav 57:105–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ (2011) Stress- and allostasis-induced brain plasticity. Annu Rev Med 62:431–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS, Weiss JM, Schwartz LS (1968) Selective retention of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature 220:911–912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS, Gray JD, Nasca C (2015) 60 years of neuroendocrinology: redefining neuroendocrinology: stress, sex and cognitive and emotional regulation. J Endocrinol 226:T67–T83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh AR, Gonzalez-Lima F (1998) Large-scale functional connectivity in associative learning: interrelations of the rat auditory, visual, and limbic systems. J Neurophysiol 80:3148–3162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer OC, de Lange EC, Breimer DD, de Boer AG, Workel JO, de Kloet ER (1998) Penetration of dexamethasone into brain glucocorticoid targets is enhanced in MDR1a p-glycoprotein knockout mice. Endocrinology 139:1789–1793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meltser I, Canlon B (2011) Protecting the auditory system with glucocorticoids. Hear Res 281:47–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton JW, Tzounopoulos T (2012) Imaging the neural correlates of tinnitus: a comparison between animal models and human studies. Front Syst Neurosci 6:35

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Munck A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ (1984) Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev 5:25–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasca C, Zelli D, Bigio B, Piccinin S, Scaccianoce S, Nistico R, McEwen BS (2015) Stress dynamically regulates behavior and glutamatergic gene expression in hippocampus by opening a window of epigenetic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:14960–14965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oitzl MS, de Kloet ER (1992) Selective corticosteroid antagonists modulate specific aspects of spatial orientation learning. Behav Neurosci 106:62–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oitzl MS, Champagne DL, van der Veen R, de Kloet ER (2010) Brain development under stress: hypotheses of glucocorticoid actions revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34:853–866

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olijslagers JE, de Kloet ER, Elgersma Y, van Woerden GM, Joels M, Karst H (2008) Rapid changes in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell function via pre- as well as postsynaptic membrane mineralocorticoid receptors. Eur J Neurosci 27:2542–2550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pattyn T, Van Den Eede F, Vanneste S, Cassiers L, Veltman DJ, Van De Heyning P, Sabbe BC (2016) Tinnitus and anxiety disorders: a review. Hear Res 333:255–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff DW, Martin EM, Ribeiro AC (2007) Relations between mechanisms of CNS arousal and mechanisms of stress. Stress 10:316–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polman JA, Hunter RG, Speksnijder N, van den Oever JM, Korobko OB, McEwen BS, de Kloet ER, Datson NA (2012) Glucocorticoids modulate the mTOR pathway in the hippocampus: differential effects depending on stress history. Endocrinology 153:4317–4327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polman JA, de Kloet ER, Datson NA (2013) Two populations of glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites in the male rat hippocampal genome. Endocrinology 154:1832–1844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Portas CM, Krakow K, Allen P, Josephs O, Armony JL, Frith CD (2000) Auditory processing across the sleep-wake cycle: simultaneous EEG and FMRI monitoring in humans. Neuron 28:991–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quax RA, Manenschijn L, Koper JW, Hazes JM, Lamberts SW, van Rossum EF, Feelders RA (2013) Glucocorticoid sensitivity in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:670–686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raff H (2005) Teaching glucocorticoid negative feedback and adrenocortical regulation using a classic paper by Dr. Dwight Ingle. Adv Physiol Educ 29:141–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratka A, Sutanto W, Bloemers M, de Kloet ER (1989) On the role of brain mineralocorticoid (type I) and glucocorticoid (type II) receptors in neuroendocrine regulation. Neuroendocrinology 50:117–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rauschecker JP, Leaver AM, Muhlau M (2010) Tuning out the noise: limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus. Neuron 66:819–826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reul JM, de Kloet ER (1985) Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology 117:2505–2511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2011) Memory modulation. Behav Neurosci 125:797–824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU (2000) How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev 21:55–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarabdjitsingh RA, Conway-Campbell BL, Leggett JD, Waite EJ, Meijer OC, de Kloet ER, Lightman SL (2010a) Stress responsiveness varies over the ultradian glucocorticoid cycle in a brain-region-specific manner. Endocrinology 151:5369–5379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarabdjitsingh RA, Isenia S, Polman A, Mijalkovic J, Lachize S, Datson N, de Kloet ER, Meijer OC (2010b) Disrupted corticosterone pulsatile patterns attenuate responsiveness to glucocorticoid signaling in rat brain. Endocrinology 151:1177–1186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe L, Schachinger H, de Kloet ER, Oitzl MS (2010a) Corticosteroids operate as a switch between memory systems. J Cogn Neurosci 22:1362–1372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe L, Schachinger H, de Kloet ER, Oitzl MS (2010b) Stress impairs spatial but not early stimulus-response learning. Behav Brain Res 213:50–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe L, Tegenthoff M, Hoffken O, Wolf OT (2013) Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade prevents stress-induced modulation of multiple memory systems in the human brain. Biol Psychiatry 74:801–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selye H (1936) A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138:32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selye H (1952) The story of the adaptation syndrome. Acta Inc., Medical Publishers, Montreal, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • She W, Dai Y, Du X, Yu C, Chen F, Wang J, Qin X (2010) Hearing evaluation of intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion for refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 142(2):266–271. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.10.046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shim HJ, Song SJ, Choi AY, Hyung Lee R, Yoon SW (2011) Comparison of various treatment modalities for acute tinnitus. Laryngoscope 121(12):2619–2625. doi:10.1002/lary.22350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shorter E, Fink M (2010) Endocrine psychiatry. Solving the riddle of melancholia. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoens VL, Hebert S (2012) Cortisol suppression and hearing thresholds in tinnitus after low-dose dexamethasone challenge. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord 12:4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling P (2012) Allostasis: a model of predictive regulation. Physiol Behav 106:5–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling P, Eyer J (1988) Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In: Fisher S, Reason J (eds) Handbook of life stress, cognition, and health. Wiley, Chicester, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczepek AJ, Haupt H, Klapp BF, Olze H, Mazurek B (2014) Biological correlates of tinnitus-related distress: an exploratory study. Hear Res 318:23–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terakado M, Kumagami H, Takahashi H (2011) Distribution of glucocorticoid receptors and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms in the rat inner ear. Hear Res 280:148–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topak M, Topak A, Sahin Yilmaz T, Ozdoganoglu HB, Yilmaz M, Ozbay M (2009) Intratympanic methylprednisolone injections for subjective tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol 123(11):1221–1225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trune DR, Canlon B (2012) Corticosteroid therapy for hearing and balance disorders. Anat Rec 295:1928–1943

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Berg DT, de Jong W, de Kloet ER (1994) Mineralocorticoid antagonist inhibits stress-induced blood pressure response after repeated daily warming. Am J Phys 267:E921–E926

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenema AH, Meijer OC, de Kloet ER, Koolhaas JM (2003) Genetic selection for coping style predicts stressor susceptibility. J Neuroendocrinol 15:256–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinkers CH, Joels M, Milaneschi Y, Gerritsen L, Kahn RS, Penninx BW, Boks MP (2015) Mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes sex-dependently moderate depression susceptibility following childhood maltreatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 54:90–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel S, Klumpers F, Krugers HJ, Fang Z, Oplaat KT, Oitzl MS, Joels M, Fernandez G (2015) Blocking the mineralocorticoid receptor in humans prevents the stress-induced enhancement of centromedial amygdala connectivity with the dorsal striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:947–956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel S, Fernandez G, Joels M, Schwabe L (2016) Cognitive adaptation under stress: a case for the mineralocorticoid receptor. Trends Cogn Sci 20:192–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young LJ (2015) Oxytocin, social cognition and psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:243–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zalachoras I, Verhoeve SL, Toonen LJ, van Weert LT, van Vlodrop AM, Mol IM, Meelis W, de Kloet ER, Meijer OC (2016) Isoform switching of steroid receptor co-activator-1 attenuates glucocorticoid-induced anxiogenic amygdala CRH expression. Mol Psychiatry 21(12):1733–1739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zirke N, Seydel C, Arsoy D, Klapp BF, Haupt H, Szczepek AJ, Olze H, Goebel G, Mazurek B (2013) Analysis of mental disorders in tinnitus patients performed with composite international diagnostic interview. Qual Life Res 22:2095–2104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The support to ER de Kloet by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, COST Action ADMIRE BM1301 and STW Take-off 14095 is gratefully acknowledged.

AJ Szczepek thankfully acknowledges the research support of Dürr Foundation and the German Tinnitus Foundation.

Declaration of Interest

E R. de Kloet is on the scientific advisory Board of Dynacorts Therapeutics and Pharmaseed Ltd. and owns stock of Corcept Therapeutics. The current paper bears no relationship to these interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    E. R. de Kloet Ph.D.

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany

    Agnieszka J. Szczepek Ph.D.

Authors
  1. E. R. de Kloet Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Agnieszka J. Szczepek Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Agnieszka J. Szczepek Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin, Germany

    Agnieszka Szczepek

  2. Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin, Germany

    Birgit Mazurek

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Kloet, E.R., Szczepek, A.J. (2017). Stress and Glucocorticoid Action in the Brain and Ear: Implications for Tinnitus. In: Szczepek, A., Mazurek, B. (eds) Tinnitus and Stress. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58397-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58397-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58396-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58397-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation