Skip to main content

Parrot Parties: Established Parties’ Co-optation of Other Parties’ Policy Proposals

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Controlling the Electoral Marketplace

Part of the book series: Political Campaigning and Communication ((PCC))

Abstract

This chapter revolves around parties imitating each other. In particular, it is about established parties imitating a challenger party in terms of its core policy issue position. It begins from summarising theory and previous work about such “parroting.” It continues with proof of imitation in 15 contemporary West European countries and zooms in on several empirical examples. This chapter then discusses possible causes of imitation, and ends with suggested effects on the electoral support for the imitated parties, introducing the “parrot hypothesis.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abou-Chadi, Tarik. 2016. Niche Party Success and Mainstream Party Policy Shifts—How Green and Radical Right Parties Differ in Their Impact. British Journal of Political Science 46 (2): 417–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, James, Samuel Merrill III, and Bernard Grofman. 2005. A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, James, Michael Clark, Lawrence Ezrow, and Garrett Glasgow. 2006. Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties’ Policy Shifts, 1976–1998. American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 513–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, James, Lawrence Ezrow, and Debra Leiter. 2012. Partisan Sorting and Niche Parties in Europe. West European Politics 35 (6): 1272–1294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Art, David. 2006. The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, Henry E. 2011. The Art of Political Science: Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory. Perspectives on Politics 9 (2): 311–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, Elisabeth. 2005. The extreme right in Western Europe: success or failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, William M. 2001. Pariahs in their Midst: Belgian and Norwegian Parties React to Extremist Threats. West European Politics 24 (3): 23–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, William M. 2002. How Effective is the Cordon Sanitaire? Lessons from Efforts to Contain the Far Right in Belgium, France, Denmark and Norway. Journal für Konflikt- und Gewaltforschung 4 (1): 32–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, William M. 2012. Political Extremism in Democracies: Combating Intolerance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enelow, James M., and Melvin J. Hinich. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezrow, Lawrence. 2008. On the Inverse Relationship Between Votes and Proximity for Niche Parties. European Journal of Political Research 47: 206–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, Anton. 1988. Democratic Centralism in a Federalist Environment: The Swiss Party of Labour. In Communist Parties in Western Europe: Decline or Adaptation? ed. M. Waller, and M. Fennema. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilberg, Trond. 1979. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland: The Struggle between Nationalism and Internationalism. In Communism and Political Systems in Western Europe, ed. D.E. Albright. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmel, Robert, and Lars Svasand. 1997. The Influence of New Parties on Old Parties’ Platforms: The cases of the Progress Parties and Conservative Parties of Denmark and Norway. Party Politics 3 (3): 315–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hester, Robert J. 2009. Co-opting the Immigration Issue within the French Right. French Politics 7: 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, John H. 1979. Finland: The SKP and Electoral Politics. In Communism and Political Systems in Western Europe D, ed. E. Albright. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hotelling, Harold. 1929. Stability in Competition. Economic Journal 39 (153): 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyvärinen, Matti, and Jukka Paastela. 1988. Failed Attempts at Modernization: The Finnish Communist Party. In Communist Parties in Western Europe: Decline or Adaptation? ed. M. Waller, and M. Fennema. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, Ronald, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. 1976. “Party Identification, Ideological Preference and the Left-Right Dimension among Western Mass Publics.” In Party Identification and Beyond: Representations of Voting and Party Competition, ed. I. Budge, I. Crewe and D. Farlie. London: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamber, Dominik. 2008. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Switzerland after 1989/1990—A Survey. In Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe, ed. U. Backes, and P. Moreau. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht: Göttingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedar, Orit. 2009. Voting for Policy, Not Parties: How Voters Compensate for Power Sharing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kriesi, Hanspeter, Edgar Grande, Romain Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier, and Timotheos Frey. 2008. West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lubbers, Marcel. 2001. Exclusionistic Electorates: Extreme Right-Wing Voting in Western Europe. Nijmegen: ICS Dissertations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, Stuart E., Ola Listhaug, and George Rabinowitz. 1991. Issues and Party Support in Multiparty Systems. American Political Science Review 85: 1107–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, Stuart E., George Rabinowitz and Ola Listhaug. 2001. Sophistry Versus Science: On Further Efforts to Rehabilitate the Proximity Model. The Journal of Politics 63: 482–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, Neil. 1975. The Communist Parties of Western Europe. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meguid, Bonnie M. 2005. Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success. American Political Science Review 99 (3): 435–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meguid, Bonnie M. 2008. Party Competition between Unequals: Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, Thomas M., and Markus Wagner. 2013. Mainstream of Niche? Vote-Seeking Incentives and the Programmatic Strategies of Political Parties. Comparative Political Studies 46 (10): 1246–1272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minkenberg, Michael. 2001. The Radical Right in Public Office: Agenda-Setting and Policy Effects. West European Politics 24 (4): 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minkenberg, Michael. 2002. The New Radical Right in the Political Process: Interaction Effects in France and Germany. In Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe, ed. M. Schain, A. Zolberg, and P. Hossay. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, Pippa. 2005. The Radical Right: Voters and Parties in The Electoral Market. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, Ted. 2002. The Politics of Restriction: The Effect of Xenophobic Parties on Italian Immigration Policy and German Asylum Policy. In Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe, ed. M. Schain, A. Zolberg, and P. Hossay. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1998. Reactions Toward the New Minorities of Western Europe. Annual Review of Sociology 24: 77–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, George, and Stuart E. Macdonald. 1989. A Directional Theory of Issue Voting. American Political Science Review 83 (1): 93–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schain, Martin A. 1987. The National Front in France and the Construction of Political Legitimacy. West European Politics 10 (2): 229–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schain, Martin A. 2002. The Impact of the French National Front on the French Political System. In Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe, ed. M. Schain, A. Zolberg, and P. Hossay. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schain, Martin A. 2006. The Extreme-Right and Immigration Policy-Making: Measuring Direct and Indirect Effects. West European Politics 29 (2): 270–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, Herbert A. 1985. The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science. American Political Science Review 79: 293–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strøm, Kaare, and Wolfgang Muller. 1999. Political Parties and Hard Choices. In Policy, Office, or Votes? ed. W.C. Muller, and K. Strøm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tannahill, R. Neal. 1978. The Communist Parties of Western Europe. A Comparative Study. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Brug, Wouter, Meindert Fennema, and Jean Tillie. 2000. Anti-immigrant Parties in Europe: Ideological or protest Vote? European Journal of Political Research 37 (1): 77–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Brug, Wouter, Meindert Fennema, and Jean Tillie. 2005. Why Some Anti-Immigrant Parties Fail and Others Succeed. A Two-Step Model of Aggregate Electoral Support. Comparative Political Studies 38 (5): 537–573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Brug, Wouter, and Joost H.P. van Spanje. 2009. Immigration, Europe, and the ‘New’ Cultural Dimension. European Journal of Political Research 48 (3): 309–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Eijk, Cees, and Mark N. Franklin. 1996. Choosing Europe?: The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heerden, Sjoerdje, and Bram Creusen. 2014. Responding to the Populist Radical Right: The Dutch Case. In European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate, ed. C. Sandelind. Brussels: European Liberal Forum & Fores.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Spanje, Joost H.P. 2010. Contagious Parties. Anti-immigration Parties and Their Impact on Other Parties’ Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe. Party Politics 16 (5): 563–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Spanje, Joost H. P. 2011. The Wrong and the Right. A Comparative Analysis of ‘Anti-Immigration’ and ‘Far Right’ Parties in Contemporary Western Europe. Government and Opposition 46 (3): 293–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkens, Andrea, Pola Lehmann, Nicolas Merz, Sven Regel, and Annika Werner. 2014. The Manifesto Data Collection, Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Berlin: WZB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waller, Michael, and Meindert Fennema, eds. 1988. Communist Parties in Western Europe: Decline or Adaptation? Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westholm, Anders. 1997. Distance Versus Direction: The Illusory Defeat of the Proximity Theory of Electoral Choice. American Political Science Review 91: 865–883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widfeldt, Anders. 2004. The Diversified Approach: Swedish Responses to the Extreme Right. In Western Democracies and the Right Extremist Challenge, ed. R. Eatwell, and C. Mudde. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joost van Spanje .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Spanje, J. (2018). Parrot Parties: Established Parties’ Co-optation of Other Parties’ Policy Proposals. In: Controlling the Electoral Marketplace. Political Campaigning and Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58202-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics