Abstract
This chapter addresses the historical context, services provided, delivery methods, credentialing process, and literature review of school-based counseling in Canada from the time of formal educational delivery in the nineteenth century to the present. School-based counseling in Canada is delivered at the local school level and regulated by provincial governments of the ten provinces and three territories. Having no federal education department in Canada, the way school counseling is delivered and by whom varies according to province and local need. Well-populated provinces such as British Columbia, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Quebec regulate the credentialing process of school counselors through their departments of education, similar to the way that teachers are licensed. Less-populated provinces and territories have teachers provide the services associated with school-based counseling. Canada has a well-developed counseling and psychotherapy organization with a school counseling chapter that addresses the needs of and advocates for school counselors. Suggestions for future research and advocacy include a national model for school counselors, greater engagement of the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association school counseling chapter as a conduit for the regulation and advocacy for school-based counselors, and conducting outcome studies of school counseling services based on local and provincial needs in accord with the national educational delivery system in Canada.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Alexitch, L. R., Kobussen, G. P., & Stookey, S. (2004). High school students’ decisions to pursue university: What do (should) guidance counsellors and teachers tell them? Guidance and Counselling, 19(4), 142–152.
Beran, T., Mishna, F., McInroy, L. B., & Shariff, S. (2015). Children’s experiences of cyberbullying: A Canadian national study. Children and Schools, 37(4), 207–214.
Carey, J., & Dimmitt, C. (2012). School counseling and student outcomes: Summary of six statewide studies. Professional School Counseling, 16(2), 146–153.
Chachamovich, E., Kirmayer, L. J., Haggarty, J. M., Cargo, M., McCormick, R., & Turecki, G. (2015). Suicide among Inuit: Results from a large, epidemiologically representative follow-back study in Nunavut. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 60(6), 268.
Christianson, C. L., & Everall, R. D. (2009). Breaking the silence: School counsellors’ experiences of client suicide. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 37(2), 157–168.
Conger, S., & Hiebert, B. (1995). An overview of career and employment counselling services in Canada. Guidance & Counseling, 10(2), 3–19.
Dittrick, C. J., Beran, T. N., Mishna, F., Hetherington, R., & Shariff, S. (2013). Do children who bully their peers also play violent video games? A Canadian national study. Journal of School Violence, 12(4), 297–318.
Domene, J. F., & Bedi, R. P. (2013). Counseling and psychotherapy in Canada. In R. Moodley, U. P. Gielen, & R. Wu (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy in an international context (pp. 106–116). New York: Routledge.
Gazzola, N., De Stefano, J., Thériault, A., & Audet, C. (2014). Positive experiences of doctoral-level supervisors-in-training conducting group-format supervision: A qualitative investigation. British Journal Of Guidance & Counselling, 42(1), 26–42. doi:10.1080/03069885.2013.799263.
Guidance and Career Education: The Ontario Curriculum. (2006). Ontario Ministry of Education. Retrieved from: www.edu.gov.on.ca
Guttman, M. J. (1991). Issues in the career development of adolescent females: Implications for educational and guidance. Guidance & Counseling, 6(3), 59–75.
Harris, B. (2013). International school-based counselling. Lutterworth: BACP.
History of Education. (n.d.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-education
Keats, P. A., & Laitsch, D. (2010). Contemplating regulation of counsellors in Canadian schools: Current issues and concerns. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 108, 1–33.
Lehr, R., & Sumarah, J. (2002). Factors impacting the successful implementation of comprehensive guidance and counseling programs in Nova Scotia. Professional School Counseling, 5, 292–297.
Levi, M., & Ziegler, S. (1993). The role of career exploration as a component of an effective guidance program in the transition. Guidance & Counseling, 8(5), 6–16.
Marshall, S. K., Young, R. A., Stevens, A., Spence, W., Deyell, S., Easterbrook, A., & Brokenleg, M. (2011). Adolescent career development in urban-residing aboriginal families in Canada. The Career Development Quarterly, 59(6), 539–558.
Martin, L. (2013). Counselling in Canada. Therapy Today, 24(2), 25–27.
Millar, G. (1998). Guidance and counselling in Alberta: Moving toward accountability. Guidance and Counselling, 14(1), 10–14.
Morrissette, P. J. (1997). The rural school counsellor: A review and synthesis of the literature. Guidance & Counseling, 13(1), 19–24.
Morrissette, P. J., & Gadbois, S. (2006). Promoting success among undergraduate Canadian first nations and aboriginal counselling students. Guidance & Counseling, 21(4), 216–223.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2014). PISA 2012 Results in focus: What 15 year olds know and what they can do with what they know. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-overview.pdf
Power-Elliott, M., & Harris, G. E. (2012). Guidance counsellor strategies for handling bullying. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 40(1), 83–98.
Robinson, B. (2015). A call to resurrect the hope and promise of comprehensive school counselling programs and practices. Retrieved from: https://www.ccpa-accp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/SCCBethRobinsonArticle2015.pdf
Robertson, S. E., & Paterson, J. G. (1983). Characteristics of guidance and counseling services in Canada. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 61(8), 490–493.
Roos, L. L., Hiebert, B., Manivong, P., Edgerton, J., Walld, R., MacWilliam, L., & De Rocquigny, J. (2013). What is most important: Social factors, health selection, and adolescent educational achievement. Social Indicators Research, 110(1), 385–414.
Rose, H., Miller, L., & Martinez, Y. (2009). “FRIENDS for Life”: The results of a resilience-building, anxiety-prevention program in a Canadian elementary school. Professional School Counseling, 12(6), 400–407.
Ruiz-Casares, M., Kolyn, L., Sullivan, R., & Rousseau, C. (2015). Parenting adolescents from ethno-cultural backgrounds: A scan of community-based programs in Canada for the promotion of adolescent mental health. Children and Youth Services Review, 53, 10–16.
School Systems. (n.d.). In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/school-systems/#h3_jump_0
Young, R. A., & Nicol, J. J. (2007). Counselling psychology in Canada: Advancing psychology for all. Applied Psychology. An International Review, 56(1), 20–32. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00273.x.
Zikic, J., & Franklin, M. (2010). Enriching careers and lives: Introducing a positive, holistic, and narrative career counseling method that bridges theory and practice. Journal of Employment Counseling, 47(4), 180–189.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kushner, J. (2017). Policy, Research, and Implications for School Counseling in Canada. In: Carey, J., Harris, B., Lee, S., Aluede, O. (eds) International Handbook for Policy Research on School-Based Counseling. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58179-8_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58179-8_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58177-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58179-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)