Skip to main content

Black Consciousness and the Soweto Poets

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Black Consciousness and South Africa’s National Literature
  • 274 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores the complexities and contradictions of Soweto Poetry as written by some of its leading voices: Mongane Serote, James Matthews, Njabulo Ndebele, and Sipho Sepamla. Penfold discusses their respective relationships to the English language and analyses their profoundly different poetic styles. In doing so, this chapter argues against the use of the term ‘anti-poetics’ when discussing Soweto Poetry. Penfold also examines how race and ideas of generational conflict are represented by each of these poets. He shows how these two topics support his initial claim that Soweto Poetry did not merely reflect Black Consciousness ideology but rather helped shape the movement’s thinking.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrahams, Lionel. 1970 [2007]. ‘Political Vision of a Poet’: Mongane Serote’s Tsetlo. In Soweto Poetry, ed. Michael Chapman, 74. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Pereyre, Jacques. 1979. The Poetry of Commitment in South Africa. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell, David. 2005. Rewriting Modernity: Studies in Black South African Literary History. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, Karin. 2005. Text and Performance in Africa. Oral Tradition 20 (2): 264–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, Ursula. 1983. A Vision of Order. London: University of Massachusetts Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Michael. 1988. The Possibilities of Imaginative Freedom: Expression in a State of Emergency. The English Academy Review 5: 23–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Michael. 2007a. Introduction. In Soweto Poetry, ed. Michael Chapman, 9–23. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Michael. 2007b. Sipho (Sydney) Sepamla, 1932–2007. Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 19 (1): n.p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clingman, Stephen. 1990. Revolution and Reality: South African Fiction in the 1980s. In Rendering Things Visible, ed. Martin Trump, 41–60. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmett, Tony. 1979. Oral, Political and Communal Aspects of Township Poetry in the Mid-Seventies. English in Africa 6 (1): 72–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • February, Vinnie. 1979 [2007]. Sipho Sepamla’s The Soweto I Love. In Soweto Poetry, ed. Michael Chapman, 82–83. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, Clive. 2015. Soweto’s Islands of Learning: Morris Isaacson and Orlando High Schools under Bantu Education, 1958–1975. Journal of Southern African Studies 41 (1): 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordimer, Nadine. 1976. English Language Literature and Politics in South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 2 (2): 131–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groenewald, Manie, and Mokgale Makgopa. 2012. IsiNdebele, siSwati, Northern Sotho, Tshivenda and Xitsonga Oral Culture. In The Cambridge History of South African Literature, ed. David Attwell and Derek Attridge, 95–111. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwala, Mafika. 1979. Staffrider Workshop: Poems and Criticism. Staffrider 2 (3): 55–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwala, Mafika. 1988. Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White Supremacy by Robert Fatton. Research in African Literatures 19 (1): 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirson, Baruch. 1979. Year of Fire, Year of Ash. London: Zed Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, Christopher. 1972 [2007]. ‘The Poet in the Abattoir’: Mongane Serote’s Yakhal’inkomo. In Soweto Poetry, ed. Michael Chapman, 72–73. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, Peter. 1978. When it Rains, it Rains: U.S. Black Consciousness and Lyric Poetry in South Africa. Speak 1 (5): 37–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, Mike. 1980. Staffrider: An Informal Discussion. English in Africa 7 (2): 22–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klaaste, Aggrey. 1979 [2007]. ‘Poetry that our Kids should Read’: Mongane Serote’s No Baby Must Weep. In Soweto Poetry, ed. Michael Chapman, 75. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, Douglas. 1976 [2007]. The Poetry of Mtshali, Serote, Sepamla and Others in English: Notes Towards a Critical Evaluation. In Soweto Poetry, ed. Michael Chapman, 157–161. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magaziner, Daniel. 2010. The Law and The Prophets. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mashabela, Harry. 2007. A People on the Boil. Johannesburg: Jacana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathiane, Nomavenda. 1989. South Africa: Diary of Troubled Times. London: Roman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, James. 1977. Pass Me a Meatball, Jones. Athlone: BLAC Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, James. 1982. Is Black Poetry Valid? Paper presented at the Culture and Resistance Symposium, Gaborone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, James, and Gladys Thomas. 1972. Cry Rage! Johannesburg: Sprocas Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, Anne. 1987. ‘Azikwelwa’ (We Will Not Ride): Politics and Value in Black South African Poetry. Critical Inquiry 13 (3): 597–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mzamane, Mbulelo. 1981. The Use of Traditional Oral Forms in Black South African Literature. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mzamane, Mbulelo. 1984a. Black Consciousness Poets in South Africa, 1967–1980. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, Sheffield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mzamane, Mbulelo. 1984b. Traditional Oral Forms. In Literature and Society in South Africa, ed. Landeg White and Tim Couzens, 147–160. Harlow: Longman Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo. 1970. A Child’s Delirium. The Classic 3 (2): 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo. 1970. Little Dudu. The Classic 3 (2): 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo. 1970 [1991]. I Hid My Love in a Sewage. In: The Return of the Amasi Bird, ed. Tim Couzens, and Essop Patel, 213–214. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo. 1981 [1991]. The Revolution of the Aged. In: The Return of the Amasi Bird, ed. Tim Couzens, and Essop Patel, 386–388. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo. 1984. Turkish Tales and Some Thoughts on South African Fiction. Staffrider 6 (3): 24–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo. 1985. Fools and Other Stories. Harlow: Longman Classics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo. 1986 [2002]. Interview with Bernth Lindfors. In Africa Talks Back, ed. Bernth Lindfors, 226–248. Trenton, NJ: African World Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngwenya, Thengani. 2012. Black Consciousness Poetry: Writing Against Apartheid. In The Cambridge History of South African Literature, ed. David Attwell and Derek Attridge, 500–522. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkosi, Lewis. 1981. Tasks and Masks. Harlow: Longman Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkosi, Lewis. 1985. Black Writing in South Africa. Rixaka 1: 31–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, Essop. 1990. Mongane Wally Serote: The Poet of Revolution. Third World Quarterly 12 (1): 187–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sepamla, Sipho. 1976 [2007]. The Black Writer in South Africa Today: Problems and Dilemmas. In Soweto Poetry, ed. Michael Chapman, 115–121. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seroke, Jaki. 1981. Poet in Exile: An Interview with Mongane Serote. Staffrider 4 (1): 30–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serote, Mongane. 1974. Yakhal’inkomo. Johannesburg: Renoster Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serote, Mongane. 1975. No Baby Must Weep. Johannesburg: Ad Donker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serote, Mongane. 1981. To Every Birth its Blood. Braamfontein: Ravan P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serote, Mongane. 1988. Post-Sharpeville Poetry: A Poet’s View. Third World Quarterly 10 (4): 1600–1606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sepamla, Sipho. 1975. Hurry Up to It!. Johannesburg: Ad Donker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepamla, Sipho. 1976. The Blues Is In You and Me. Johannesburg: Ad Donker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepamla, Sipho. 1977. The Soweto I Love. Cape Town: David Philip.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sole, Kelwyn. 1983. Culture, Politics and the Black Writer: A Critical Look at Prevailing Assumptions. English in Africa 10 (1): 37–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sole, Kelwyn. 1993. Authority, Authenticity and the Black Writer: Depictions of Politics and Community in Selected Black Consciousness Texts. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, Jane. 1994. Serote’s Cities: (De-)Constructing South African Urban Space. In Altered State, ed. Elleke Boehmer, Laura Chrisman, and Kenneth Parker, 91–100. Hebden Bridge: Dangaroo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xihoshi, Mokoena. 1981. Poetry Towards the Revolution. Sechaba 1: 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zander, Horst. 1999. Prose-Poem-Drama: ‘Proemdra’—‘Black Aesthetics’ versus ‘White Aesthetics’ in South Africa. Research in African Literatures 30 (1): 12–22.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tom Penfold .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Penfold, T. (2017). Black Consciousness and the Soweto Poets. In: Black Consciousness and South Africa’s National Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57940-5_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics