Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula pp 155–229Cite as

Poisonous Fishes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 543 Accesses

Abstract

The term ‘ichthyosarcotoxism’ means ‘poisoning by the flesh of fishes’. It covers many kinds of poisoning caused by the ingestion of any portion of a fish, but not that caused by putrescence due to bacterial action. The fishes most commonly involved are those that live in the tropical and subtropical waters. Ichthyosarcotoxism has been known for a long time in the Red Sea, in the Caribbean and in the whole Indo-Pacific area. Hieroglyphics dating back to about 2700 bc mention the toxicity of a particular Red Sea Tetrodon. Alexander the Great, during his conquering expeditions in the East around 300 bc, forbade his soldiers to eat certain species of fish. Since then, there have been many records concerning ichthyosarcotoxism, the clinical picture has become clearer, the number of species implicated has increased considerably, and it has been possible to determine their geographic distribution with greater accuracy.

Ichthyosarcotoxism produces very polymorphous clinical syndromes in humans resulting from the ingestion of toxic fish belonging to many species. The patients’ reactions to such intoxication depend largely on the quantity of toxins ingested, which itself varies according to the species, the individual and the tissues involved.

In this chapter, an account of venomous fish species living in the east and southern coasts of the Arabian Peninsula is given. The fish species fall in nine types of toxic groups according to the type of toxin they bear in their body. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part deals with background of the type of toxin, causative agent, symptoms, treatment and prevention. The second part deals with fish account, which includes identification, distribution, habitat, biology, economic value and conservation status.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Akyol O, Ünal V, Ceyhan T, Bilecenoglu M. First confirmed record of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) in the Mediterranean Sea. J Fish Biol. 2005;66:1183–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albaret JJ. Mugilidae. In: Lévêque C, Paugy D, Teugels GG, editors. Faune des poissons d’eaux douce et saumâtres de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Tome 2. Coll. Faune et Flore tropicales 40. Tervuren, Paris, and Paris: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Museum National d’Histoire Naturalle, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; 2003. p. 601–11, p. 815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Baz AF, Bishop JM, Hamza B. First Arabian gulf records of Molidae from Kuwait. Kuwait J Sci Technol. 1999;26:315–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ghais SM. A first record of Mola ramsayi (Osteichthyes: Molidae) for the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus. 1994;4:22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen GR, Erdmann MV. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Volumes I–III. Tropical Reef Research. Perth: Universitiy of Hawai’i Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen GR, Robertson DR. Fishes of the tropical eastern Pacific. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1994. 332 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen GR, Swainston R. The marine fishes of north-western Australia: a field guide for anglers and divers. Perth: Western Australian Museum; 1988. 201 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anastasius M, Yiannikas J. Scombroid fish poisoning illness and coronary artery vasospasm. Australas Med J. 2015;8(3):96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson W. An account of some poisonous fish in the South Seas. In a letter to Sir John Pringle, Bart. PRS from Mr. William Anderson, late surgeon’s mate on board His Majesty’s ship the resolution, now surgeon of that ship. Philos Trans R Soc Lond. 1776;66:544–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson T. Isolation and characterization of wax esters from Calanus finmarchicus. M.Sc. thesis. Tromsø: University of Tromsø; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansdell VE. Food poisoning from marine toxins. CDC Health Inf Int Travel 2016. 2015;100(8):91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arakawa O, Hwang DF, Taniyama S, Takantani T. Toxins of Pufferfish that cause human intoxicaqtions. In: Ishimatsu A, Lie HJ, editors. Coastal environmental and ecosystem issues of the East China Sea. Nagasaki City: Terrapub and Nagasaki University; 2010. p. 227–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aras NM, Hasiloglu MA, Haliloglu HI, Bayir A, Sirkecioglu AN. Comparison of fatty acid composition of some tissues and conversion ratios of stomach containing fatty acids to tissue fatty acids in Barbus capito capito Güldenstaed, 1773. Asian J Chem. 2009;21:6969–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arena P, Levin B, Fleming LE, Friedman MA, Blythe DG. A pilot study of the cognitive and psychological correlates of chronic ciguatera poisoning. Harmful Algae. 2004;3:51–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold SH, Brown WD. Histamine (?) toxicity from fish products. Adv Food Res. 1978;24:113–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asakawa M, Noguchi T. Food poisonings by ingestion of Cyprinid Fish. Toxins (Basel). 2014;6(2):539–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asano M, Itoh M. Toxicity of a lipoprotein and lipids from the roe of a blenny, Dinogunellus grigorjewi herzenstein. Tohoku J Agric Res. 1962;13(2):151–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ascione A, Barresi LS, Sarullo FM, De Silvestre G. Two cases of “scombroid syndrome” with severe cardiovascular compromise. Cardiologia. 1997;42:1285–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bacchet P, Zysman T, Lefèvre Y. Guide des poissons de Tahiti et ses îles. Tahiti: Editions Au Vent des Îles; 2006. 608 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bad Bug Book (BBB). Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins. 2nd ed. Silver Spring: Food and Drug Administration; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baden D, Fleming LE, Bean J. Marine toxins. In: deWolff FA, editor. Intoxications of the nervous system, Part II, Handbook of clinical neurology, vol. 21. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baensch HA, Debelius H. Meerwasser atlas. 3rd ed. Melle. 1216 p: Mergus Verlag GmbH; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagnis R. Ciguatera fish poisoning. In: Falconer I, editor. Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water. London: Academic Press; 1993. p. 105–15.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnis RA, Bronstein JA, Jouffe G, Forestier R, Meunier JL, Lejan J, Brulefer D, Parc F, Tetaria C. Neurologic complications of ciguatera. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1977;70:89–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnis R, Kuberski T, Laugier S. Clinical observations on 3009 cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in the South Pacific. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1979;28:1067–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnis R, Legrand AM. Clinical features on 12,890 cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in French Polynesia. In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Tan CK, editors. Progress in venom and toxin research. Singapore: National University of Singapore; 1987. p. 372–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagnis R, Spiegel A, Boutin JP, Burucoa C, Nguyen L, Cartel JL, Capdevielle P, Imbert P, Prigent D, Gras C. Evaluation of the efficacy of mannitol in the treatment of ciguatera in French Polynesia. Med Trop. 1992;52:67–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banner AH, Boroughs H. Observations on toxins of poisonous fishes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958;98:776–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banner AH. Hallucinatory mullet poisoning. A case from Oahu. Hawaii Med J. 1973;32(5):330–1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banner AH, Scheuer PJ, Sasaki S, Helfrich P, Alender CB. Obser vations on ciguatera-rype toxins in fish. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1960;90(3):770–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barling PM, Foong YH. Oily fish, liquid wax esters and keriorrhoea–a review. Int e-J Sci Med Educ. 2015;9(1):21–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass AJ, Hemstra PC, Compagno LJV. Hexanchidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 45–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becke L. Poisonous fish of the Pacific Islands. 1901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beijing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (BCTCM). A history of chinese medicine. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House; 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit E, Juzans P, Legrand A, Molgo J. Nodal swelling produced by ciguatoxin-induced selective activation of sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers. Neuroscience. 1996;71:1121–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit E, Laurent D, Mattei C, Legrand AM, Molgo J. Reversal of Pacific ciguatoxin1B effects on myelinated axons by agents used in ciguatera treatment. Cybium. 2000;24:33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentur Y, Ashkar J, Lurie Y, Levy Y, Azzam ZS, Litmanovich M, Golik M, Gurevych B, Golani D, Eisenman A. Lessepsian migration and tetrodotoxin poisoning due to Lagocephalus sceleratus in the eastern Mediterranean. Toxicon. 2008;52(8):964–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tuvia A. Mullidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 610–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya PC, Nayak M, Barkataky A. Acute renal failure following consumption of fish gall bladder. Indian J Nephrol. 2009;19(4):161–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billard R. Les poissons d’eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne: Delachaux & Niestlé; 1997. 192 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Birinyi-Strachan LC, Davies MJ, Lewis RJ, Nicholson GM. Neuroprotectant effects of iso-osmolar d-mannitol to prevent Pacific ciguatoxin-1 induced alterations in neuronal excitability: a comparison with other osmotic agents and free radical scavengers. Neuropharmacology. 2005;49:669–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjeldanes LF, Schutz DE, Morris MM. On the aetiology of scombroid poisoning: cadaverine potentiation of histamine toxicity in the guinea pig. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1978;16(2):157–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaber SJM. The food and feeding ecology of Mugilidae in the St. Lucia lake systems. Biol J Linn Soc. 1976;8:267–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blakesley ML. Scombroid poisoning: prompt resolution of symptoms with cimetidine. Ann Emerg Med. 1983;12(2):104–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blythe DG, de Sylva DP. Mother’s milk turns toxic following fish feast. J Am Med Assoc. 1990;264:2074.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blythe DG, de Sylva DP, Fleming LE, Ayyar RA, Baden DG, Shrank K. Clinical experience with i.v. Mannitol in the treatment of ciguatera. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1992;85:425–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blythe DG, Hack E, Washington G, Fleming LE. The medical management of seafood poisoning. In: Hui YH, Kitts D, Stanfield PS, editors. Foodborne disease handbook. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001. p. 311–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boisier P, Ranaivoson G, Rasolofonirina N, Roux J, Chanteau S, Takeshi Y. Fatal mass poisoning in Madagascar following ingestion of a shark (Carcharhinus leucas): clinical and epidemiological aspects and isolation of toxins. Toxicon. 1995;33(10):1359–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouder H, Cavallo A, Bouder MJ. Poissons veneneux et ichryosarcotoxisme. Monaco: Bull. de l’Ins tit. Ocean; 1962. p. 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdy G, Cabalion P, Amade P, Laurent D. Traditional remedies used in the western Pacific for the treatment of ciguatera poisoning. J Ethnopharmacol. 1992;36:163–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet P, Feldman J, Bloch R, Schwartz J. Medullary cardiovascular effects of tetrodotoxin in anaesthetized cats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;65(2–3):293–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boydron-Le Garrec R, Benoit E, Sauviat MP, Lewis RJ, Molgó J, Laurent D. Ability of some plant extracts, traditionally used to treat ciguatera fish poisoning, to prevent the in vitro neurotoxicity produced by sodium channel activators. Toxicon. 2005;46(6):625–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks W. A family poisoned by eating a gar. NW Med Surg J. 1850;7:437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows GM. An account of two cases of death from eating mussels; with some general observations on fish-poison. Lond Med Repos. 1815;3:445–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bussing WA. Tetraodontidae. Tamboriles, tamborines, botetes, peces globo, corrotuchos. In:Fischer W,Krupp F,Schneider W,Sommer C, Carpenter KE,Niem V, editors. Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental, 3 vols.Rome: FAO; 1995. p. 1629–1637

    Google Scholar 

  • Caillaud A, De la Iglesia P, Darius HT, Pauillac S, Aligizaki K, Fraga S, Chinain M, Diogène J. Update on methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe. Mar Drugs. 2010;8(6):1838–907.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert GM, Hryhorczuk DO, Leikin JB. Treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with amitriptyline and nifedipine. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1987;25:423–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron J, Flowers AE, Capra MF. Electrophysiological studies on ciguatera poisoning in man (Part II). J Neurol Sci. 1991;101:93–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardona L. Effects of salinity on the habitat selection and growth performance of Mediterranean flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus (Osteichthyes, Mugilidae). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 2000;50:727–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caro RJ, Cosculluela AM, Beltran LF, Rihuete HMA. Diarrea oleosa anaranjada. Keriorrhea inducida por pescado. An Pediatr. 2011;74:67–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carol J, Benejam L, Alcaraz C, et al. The effectsof limnological features on fish assemblages of 14Spanish reservoirs. Ecol Freshw Fish. 2007a;15:66–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carol J, Zamora L, García-Berthou E. Preliminary telemetry data on the patterns and habitatuse of European catfish (Silurus glanis) in a reservoir ofthe River Ebro, Spain. Ecol Freshw Fish. 2007b;16:450–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catterall WA. Structure and function of voltage-gated ion channels. Annu Rev Biochem. 1995;64:493–531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Černý J. Osteology of the sheatfish (Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758). Prace Ustavu Rybarstva a Hydrobiologie. 1988;6:181–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervigón F,Cipriani R, Fischer W, Garibaldi L, Hendrickx M, Lemus AJ, Márquez R, Poutiers JM, Robaina G and Rodriguez B. Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. Rome: FAO; 1992. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan TY, Kwok TC. Chronicity of neurological features in ciguatera fish poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2001;20:426–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan TY, Wang AY. Life-threatening bradycardia and hypotension in a patient with ciguatera fish poisoning. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang FC, Bauer RM, Benton BJ, Keller SA, Capacio BR. 4-Aminopyridine antagonizes saxitoxin-and tetrodotoxin-induced cardiorespiratory depression. Toxicon. 1996;34(6):671–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao TC, Wu ML, Tsai WJ, Ger J, Deng JF. Acute hepatic injury and renal failure after ingestion of snake gallbladder. Clin Toxicol. 2006;44(4):387–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Château-Degat ML. Les toxines marines: problèmes de santé en émergence. Vertigo. 2003;4(1):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chateau-Degat ML, Huin-Blondey MO, Chinain M, Darius T, Legrand AM, Nguyen NL, Laudon F, Chansin R, Dewailly E. Prevalence of chronic symptoms of ciguatera disease in French Polynesian adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:842–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen SP. Research on Calculus bovis. Zhongyao Tongbao. 1987;12:59–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chevaldonne P. Ciguatera and the saupe, Sarpa salpa, in the Mediterranean: a possible misinterpretation. J Fish Biol. 1990;37:503–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinain M, Faust M, Pauillac S. Morphology and molecular analyses of three toxic species of Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae): G. pacificus, sp. nov., G. australes, sp. nov., and G. polynesiensis, sp. nov. J Phycol. 1999a;35:1282–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinain M, Germain M, Deparis X, Pauillac S, Legrand A. Seasonal abundance and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp.(Dinophyceae), the causative agent of ciguatera in Tahiti, French Polynesia. Mar Biol. 1999b;135:259–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm C. On the poison fish. Edinburgh Med Surg Inst. 1808;4:393–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chulanetra M, Sookrung N, Srimanote P, Indrawattana N, Thanongsaksrikul J, Sakolvaree Y, Chongsa-Nguan M, Kurazono H, Chaicumpa W. Toxic marine puffer fish in Thailand seas and tetrodotoxin they contained. Toxins. 2011;3(10):1249–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clavijero FJ. Historia de la Antigua ó Baja California. Mexico: Juan R. Navarro; 1852. 60 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coker RE. Studies of common fishes of the Mississippi River at Keokuk. Bull US Bur Fish. 1929;45:155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colleran E, O’Carra PD. Chemistry and physiology of bile pigments. In: Berk PD, Berlin NI, editors. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 77-1100, no 35. Bethesda, MD: Fogarty International Center; 1977. p. 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collette BB. Scombridae. In: Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: FAO; 2001. p. 3721–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collette B, Acero A, Amorim AF, Boustany A, Canales Ramirez C, Cardenas G, Carpenter KE, Chang S-K, de Oliveira Leite Jr. N, Di Natale A, Die D, Fox W, Fredou FL, Graves J, Guzman-Mora A, Viera Hazin FH, Hinton M, Juan Jorda M, Minte Vera C, Miyabe N, Montano Cruz R, Masuti E, Nelson R, Oxenford H, Restrepo V, Salas E, Schaefer K, Schratwieser J, Serra R, Sun C, Teixeira Lessa RP, Pires Ferreira Travassos PE, Uozumi Y, Yanez E. Thunnus albacares. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2011: e.T21857A9327139. 2011a. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21857A9327139.en. Downloaded on 14 May 2016.

  • Collette B, Acero A, Amorim AF, Boustany A, Canales Ramirez C, Cardenas G, Carpenter KE, de Oliveira Leite Jr. N, Di Natale A, Fox W, Fredou FL, Graves J, Guzman-Mora A, Viera Hazin FH, Juan Jorda M, Kada O, Minte Vera C, Miyabe N, Montano Cruz R, Nelson R, Oxenford H, Salas E, Schaefer K, Serra R, Sun C, Teixeira Lessa RP, Pires Ferreira Travassos PE, Uozumi Y, Yanez E. Auxis thazard. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2011: e.T170344A6757270. 2011b. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011a-2.RLTS.T170344A6757270.en. Downloaded on 14 May 2016.

  • Collette B, Chang S-K, Fox W, Juan Jorda M, Miyabe N, Nelson R, Uozumi Y. Euthynnus affinis. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2011: e.T170336A6753804. 2011c. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011b-2.RLTS.T170336A6753804.en. Downloaded on 14 May 2016.

  • Collette B, Di Natale A, Fox W, Juan Jorda M, Nelson R. Rastrelliger kanagurta. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2011: e.T170328A6750032. 2011d. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011c-2.RLTS.T170328A6750032.en. Downloaded on 14 May 2016.

  • Collette B, Di Natale A, Fox W, Juan Jorda M, Miyabe N, Nelson R, Sun C, Uozumi Y. Thunnus tonggol. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2011: e.T170351A6763691. 2011e. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170351A6763691.en. Downloaded on 14 May 2016.

  • Compagno LJV. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 – Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish Synop. 1984;125(4/1):1–249. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV, Ebert DA, Smale MJ. Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. London: New Holland; 1989. 158 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV, Niem VH. Hexanchidae. Cowsharks, sixgill, and sevengill sharks. In: Carpenter KE, Niem VH, editors. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: FAO; 1998. p. 1208–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook J. A voyage towards the South Pole and round the world. London, England: Strahan & Cadell; 1777. pp. 39–40, 112–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook SF, Compagno LJV. Hexanchus griseus. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2005: e.T10030A3155348. 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2005.RLTS.T10030A3155348.en. Downloaded on 5 May 2016.

  • Cooper MJ. Ciguatera and other marine poisoning in the Gilbert Islands. Pac Sci. 1964;18(4):411–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copp GH, Robert Britton J, Cucherousset J, García-Berthou E, Kirk R, Peeler E, Stakėnas S. Voracious invader or benign feline? A review of the environmental biology of European catfish Silurus glanis in its native and introduced ranges. Fish Fish. 2009;10(3):252–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelius CE. Comparative bile pigment metabolism in vertebrates. In: Ostrow JDE, editor. Bile pigments and jaundice: molecular, metabolism, and medical aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1986. p. 601–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cottrell JE, Hartung J, Giffin JP, Shwiry B. Intracranial pressure during tetrodotoxin-induced hypotension. Anesth Analg. 1984;63(11):1005–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coutand H. Observations sur sept cas d’empoisonnement par le fois de requin a l’Ile des Pins (NouvelleCaledonie) en 1878. These, Faculte de Medecine, Université de Montpellier; 1879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox G, Francis M. Sharks and rays of New Zealand. Canterbury: Canterbury University Press, University of Canterbury; 1997. 68 p

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Arras L. Essai sur les accidents causés par les poissons. Thèse no. 156, fac. Méd. Paris. 1877. 69 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahanukar N. Labeo rohita. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2010: e.T166619A6248771. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166619A6248771.en. 2010.

  • Das D, Bhattacharjee K, Kalwar AK, Debnath B. A case series on fish bile toxicity. J Evid Based Med Healthc. 2015;2(33):5073–6. doi:10.18410/jebmh/2015/708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies C, Shelley J, Harding P, McLean I, Gardiner R, Peirson G. Freshwater fishes in Britain: the species and their distribution. Colchester: Harley Books; 2004. 248 p

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haro L, Pommier P. Hallucinatory fish poisoning (ichthyoallyeinotoxism): two case reports from the western Mediterranean and literature review. Clin Toxicol. 2006;44(2):185–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Haro L, Pommier P, Valli M. Emergence of imported ciguatera in Europe: report of 18 cases at the poison control centre of Marseille. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(7):927–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Haro L, Treffot MJ, Jouglard J, Perringué C. Trois cas d’intoxication de type ciguatérique après ingestion de sparidae de Méditerranée. Ictyophysiologica Acta. 1993;16:133–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Rochas V. Essai sur la topographie hygiénique et médicale de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. M.D. These 250. Fac. Med. Paris. 1860. p. 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Sauvages FB. De veneatis galline animalibus. M.D. Thesis, Rothomagensi Academia. Jo-annis Martel, Montspelii; 1758. p. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Sauvages FB. Les chefs-d’oeuvres de monsieur de Savages, vol. 2. V. Reguilliat: Lyon; 1770. p. 212.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Smet PA. Herbal remedies. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2046–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Y, Xiao G, Jin Y, Luo X, Meng X, Li J, Ao Z, Xiao J, Zhou L. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to ingestion of fish gall bladder. Chin Med J. 2002;115(7):1020–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desportes JB. Histoire des maladies de S. Dominique, vol. I; 1770. p. 108–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doucette GJ, Kodama M, Franca S, Gallacher S. Bacterial interactions with harmful algal bloom species: bloom ecology, toxinogenesis, and cytology. In: Anderson DM, Cembella AD, Hallegraeff GM, editors. Physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms, vol. G41. Berlin: Springer; 1998. p. 619–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert DA, Fowler S, Compagno L. Sharkss of the world: a fully illustrated guide. Plymout: Wild Nature Press; 2013. 528 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles DH. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Rome: FAO; 1992. 145 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekmekçi FG, Banarescu P. A revision of the generic position of Barynotus (Systomus) verhoeffi, and the validity of the genera Carasobarbus, Kosswigobarbus and Mesopotamichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Folia Zool. 1998;47(Suppl. 1):87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelsen H. Om giftfisk og giftige fisk. Nord Hyg Tskr. 1922;3:316–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epler P, Sokolowska-Mikolajczyk M, Popek W, Bieniarz K, KIME DE, Bartel R. Gonadal development and spawning of Barbus sharpei (sic), Barbus luteus and Mugil hishni in fresh and saltwater lakes of Iraq. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego. 1996;4:113–24, Olsztyn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschmeyer WN, Herald ES, Hammann H. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1983. 336 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etnier DA, Starnes WC. The fishes of Tennessee. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius O. Fauna Groenlandica, systematice sistens, animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis. Leipzig: Copenhagen; 1780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadeev NS. Guide to biology and fisheries of fishes of the North Pacific Ocean. TINRO-Center: Vladivostok; 2005. 366 p

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO-FIGIS. A world overview of species of interest to fisheries. Chapter: Ethynnus affinis. FIGIS species fact sheets. Species Identification and Data Programme-SIDP, FAO-FIGIS. 2005. www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=3294.2p. Retrieved on 30 May 2005.

  • Faust M. Observation of sand-dwelling toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from widely differing sites, including two new species. J Phycol. 1995;31:996–1003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. VI. Teleostei (5). Brazil: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000. 116 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish CJ, Cobb MC. Noxious marine animals of the central and western Pacific Ocean. US Fish Wildl Res Rep. 1954;36:iii + 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitch JE. Toxicity and taxonomic notes on the squaretail, Tetragonurus cuvieri. Calif Fish Game. 1952;38:251–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitch JE, Lavenberg RJ. Tidepool and nearshore fishes of California, California natural history guides:38. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1975. 156 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming LE, Blythe DG, Baden DG. Ciguatera fish poisoning. Shoreman’s Travel Medicine Monthly. 1997;1:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foot T. Guinness book of world records 2001. London: Guinness World Records; 2000. 284 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forster G. Voyage round the world, in his Britanic Majesty’s sloop, Resolution, commanded by Captain James Cook, during the years 1772–1775, 2 vols. London: G. Robinson; 1777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francii DG. Ova barbi comesta noxia. Acta Acad Nat Curios. 1683;1:61–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser-Brunner A. The ocean sunfishes (family Molidae). Bull Br Mus (Natl Hist) Zool. 1951;1:87–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freyhof J. Carasobarbus luteus. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2014: e.T19083155A19222923. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T19083155A19222923.en.

  • Freyhof J, Kottelat M. Silurus glanis. The IUCN Red List of threatened species 2008: e.T40713A10356149. 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40713A10356149.en.

  • Fricke R, Kulbicki M, Wantiez L. Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie. 2011;4:341–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman MA, Fleming LE, Fernandez M, Bienfang P, Schrank K, Dickey R, Bottein MY, Backer L, Ayyar R, Weisman R, Watkins S. Ciguatera fish poisoning: treatment, prevention and management. Mar Drugs. 2008;6(3):456–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frimodt C. Multilingual illustrated guide to the world’s commercial coldwater fish. Osney Mead: Fishing News Books; 1995. 215 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Froese R, Pauly D, editors. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication; 2016. www.fishbase.org, version (01/2016).

  • Fu M, Koulman A, van Rijssel M, Lützen A, de Boer MK, Tyl MR, Liebezeit G. Chemical characterization of three hemolytic compounds from the microalgal species Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae). Toxicon. 2004;43:355–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchi Y, Narimatsa H, Nakama S, Kotobuki H, Hirakawa H, Torishima Y, Noguchi T, Ohtomo N. Tissue distribution of toxicity in a puffer fish, Arothron firmamentum (“hoshifugu”). J Food Hyg Soc Jpn. 1991;32:520–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda A, Tani A. Records of Puffer poisonings. Nippon Igaku Oyobi Kenko Hoken. 1941;3528:7–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda T. Violent increase of cases of puffer poisoning (In Japanese). Clin Stud. 1951;29(2):1762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard C. Recherches sur les poissons représentés dans quelques tombeaux Egyptiens De l’ancien Empire. Mém Inst Français Arch Orient. 1923;51:97–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasparini JL, Floeter SR. The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic. J Nat Hist. 2001;35:1639–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger E. Histamine content of unprocessed and canned fish. A tentative method of quantitative determination of spoilage. Food Res. 1944;9:293–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie NC, Lewis RJ, Pearn JH, Bourke AT, Holmes MJ, Bourke JB, Shields WJ. Ciguatera in Australia. Occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Med J Aust. 1986;145:584–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert RJ, Hoeas G, Murnwy CK, Cruickshank JG, Young SEJ. Scombrotoxic fish poisoning: features of the first SO incidents to be reported in Britain (1976-79). Br Med J. 1980;281:71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Givney RC. Illness associated with rudderfish/escolar in South Australia. Commun Dis Intell. 2002;26:440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaziou P, Martin PM. Study of factors that influence the clinical response to ciguatera fish poisoning. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1992;85:419–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein SJ, Raja RM, Kramer M, Hirsch W, May EB. Acute hepatitis and renal failure following ingestion of raw carp gallbladders—Maryland and Pennsylvania, 1991 and 1994. J Am Med Assoc. 1995;274(8):604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göthel H. Fauna marina del Mediterráneo. S.A., Barcelona: Ediciones Omega; 1992. 319 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goto T, Takahashi S, Kishi Y, Hirata Y. Tetrodotoxin. Tetrahedron. 1965;21:2059–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh M. Freshwater fish. London: Mitchell Beazley; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths SP, Kuhnert PM, Fry GF, Manson FJ. Temporal and size-related variation in the diet, consumption rate, and daily ration of mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) in neritic waters of eastern Australia. ICES J Mar Sci. 2009;66:720–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grudtsev ME, Korolevich LI. Studies of frigate tuna Auxis thazard (Lacepede) age and growth in the eastern part of the equatorial Atlantic. Int Comm Conserv Atl Tunas Collect Vol Sci Pap. 1986;25:269–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grzebyk D, Berland B, Thomassin BA, Bosi C, Arnoux A. Ecology of ciguateric dinoflagellates in the coral reef complex of Mayotte Island (SW Indian Ocean). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 1994;178:51–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudger EW. A new purgative, the oil of the “castor oil fish”, Ruvettus. Boston Med Surg J. 1925;192:107–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guss DA. Scombroid fish poisoning: successful treatment with cimetidine. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1998;25(2):123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagey LR. Bile acid biodiversity in vertebrates: chemistry and evolutionary implications. Ph.D. thesis. San Diego, CA: University of California; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagey LR, Crombie DL, Espinosa E, Carey MC, Igimi H, Hofmann AF. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the Ursidae: biliary bile acids of bears, pandas, and related carnivores. J Lipid Res. 1993;34:1911–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW. Poisonous fishes. Public Health Rep. 1958;73(4):302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1964;5:615–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW. Poisonous and venomous marine animals of the world, Invertebrates, vol. 1. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW. Poisonous and venomous marine animals of the world, Vertebrates, vol. 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead B. Poisonous and venomous marine animals of the world. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press; 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW, editor. Poisonous and venomous marine animals of the world. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW, Bunker NC. A survey of poisonous fish of Johnston Island. Zoologica. 1954;39:61–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW, Carscallen LJ. Marine organisms. In: Altman PL, Dittmer DS, editors. Biology data Book. Washington, DC: Federal Amarican Society of Experimental Biology; 1964. p. 336–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW, Lively WM Jr. Poisonous fishes and ichthyosarcotoxism. Their relationship to the armed forces. US Armed Forces Med J. 1954;5(2):157–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW, Schall DW. Report on the poisonous fishes captured during the Woodrow G. Krieger expedition to the Galapagos Islands. In: Essays in the natural sciences in honor of Captain Allan Hancock. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press; 1955. p. 147–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW, Schall DW. A report on the poisonous fishes captured during the Woodrow G. Krieger expedition to Cocos Island; 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamada J. The effect of tetrodontoxin crystals on the smooth and ganglionic active drugs in the isolated intestine and bronchial muscle (In Japanese, English summary). J Chiba Med Soc. 1960;36:1358–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton B, Hurbungs M, Jones A, Lewis RJ. Multiple ciguatoxins present in Indian Ocean reef fish. Toxicon. 2002a;40(9):1347–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton B, Hurbungs M, Vernoux JP, Jones A, Lewis RJ. Isolation and characterisation of Indian Ocean ciguatoxin. Toxicon. 2002b;40(6):685–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarsten O. Untersuchungen über die Gallen einiger Polarthiere. Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie. 1901;32:435–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarsten. Untersuchungen iiber die Gallen einiger Polarthiere. Hoppe-SeylerS Z Physiol Chem. 1902;36:525–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, I.J., 1995. Mugilidae. Lisas. p. 1293-1298. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 vols. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart JL. Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull Fish Res Board Can. 1973;180:740 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heemstra PC. Molidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 907–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfrich P. Fish poisoning in Hawaii. Hawaii Med J. 1963;22(5):361–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helfrich P, Banner A. Hallucinatory mullet poisoning. J Trop Med Hyg. 1960;63:86–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helfrich P, Banner AH. Experimental induction of ciguatera toxicity in fish through diet. Nature. 1963;197(4871):1025–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennemann RM. Sharks & rays: elasmobranch guide of the world. Frankfurt: IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv; 2001. 304 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo J, Liberona J, Molgó J, Jaimovich E. Pacific ciguatoxin-1b effect over Na+ and K+ currents, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate content and intracellular Ca2+ signals in cultured rat myotubes. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;137:1055–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilge V. The influence of temperature on thegrowth of the European catfish (Silurus glanis L.). J Appl Ichthyol. 1985;1:27–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes M. Gambierdiscus yasumotoi sp. nov.(Dinophyceae), a toxic benthic dinoflagellate from Southeastern Asia. J Phycol. 1998;34:661–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu QL. The great chinese encyclopedia: archaeology. Beijing: The Great Chinese Encyclopedia Publishing House; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huckstorf V. Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2012: e.T166172A1116524. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166172A1116524.en.

  • Hungerford JM. Scombroid poisoning: a review. Toxicon. 2010;56(2):231–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurbungs MD, Jayabalan N, Chineah V. Seasonal distribution of potentially toxic dinoflagellates in the lagoon of Trou Aux Biches, Mauritius. In: Lalouette JA, Bachraz DY, editors. Proceedings of the fifth annual meeting of agricultural scientists. Mauritius:The Food and Agricultural Research Council; 2002. p. 211–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain NA, Naiama AK, Al-Hassan LAJ. Annotated check list of the fish fauna of Khor Al-Zubair, north west of the Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Acta Ichthyol Piscat. 1988;18(1):17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang DF, Chang SH, Shiau CY, Chai T. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of biogenic amines in fish implicated in food poisoning. J Chromatogr B. 1997;693:23–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang CC, Lin CM, Huang CY, Huang YL, Kang FC, Hwang DF et. al. Chemical characterisation, biogenic amines contents, and identification of fish species in cod and escolar steaks, and salted escolar roe products. Food Control 2012; 25: 415–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang DF, Noguchi T. Tetrodotoxin poisoning. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2007;52:142–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang DF, Yeh YH, Lai YS, Deng JF. Identification of cyprinol and cyprinol sulfate from grass carp bile and their toxic effects in rats. Toxicon. 2001;39:411–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igarashi H. The pungent principles of fishes produced by decrease in freshness, Part II. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish. 1939;8:158–60. In Annales: Series Historia Naturalis (Vol. 21, No. 2, p. 167). Scientific and Research Center of the Republic of Slovenia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isbister GK, Kiernan MC. Neurotoxic marine poisoning. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(4):219–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara F. The physiological study of puffer poison (In Japanese). Tokyo Med Assoc Manag. 1917;31:276–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamil M, Lyngdoh M, Lynrah KG. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome following consumption of fish gall bladder: a case report. J Med Health Sci NEIGRIHMS. 2013;5(1):43–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jawad LA. First documented record of the ocean sunfish, Mola mola (Linnaeus), from the Sea of Oman, Sultanate of Oman (Teleostei: Molidae). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie. 2013;6: 287–290; Stuttgart, 30.IV.2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jawad L, Al-Mamary J, Al-Kharusi L. The slender sunfish, Ranzania Laevis (Actinopterygii: Tetraodontiformes: Molidae), in the coastal waters of the Oman Sea. Acta Ichthyol Piscat. 2010;40(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jawad LA, Al-Mamry JA. Scale deformities in Rohu Labeo Rohita (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae)/Deformità Delle Scaglie Di Rohu, Labeo Rohita, (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jawad L, Al-Mamry J, Al-Kharusi L. First record of Mola ramsayi from the Sea of Oman, Sultanate of Oman. Mar Biodivers Rec. 2012;5:e63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jawad LA, Al-Mamry JM, Al-Kharusi LH. Short communication. A record of sharp-tail mola, Masturus lanceolatus (Lienard, 1840)(Molidae) in the Sea of Oman. J Appl Ichthyol. 2013;29:242–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jawad LA, Hussein SA, Bulbil F. Ranzania laevis (Pennant, 1776)(Tetraodontiformes, Molidae): a rare fish in marine waters of Iraq. J Appl Ichthyol. 2011;27(4):1116–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings DP. Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis): a biological synopsies [No. FWS-88 (29)]. National Fisheries Research Center: Gainesville, FL; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen AS. Mindeskr. Japetus Steenstrups Fods. 1914;30:12–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiangsu New Medical College (JNMC). Great dictionary of chinese materia medica. Shanghai: People’s Publishing House of Shanghai; 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez Prado P, Béarez P. Peces Marinos del Ecuador continental. Tomo 2: Guía de Especies/Marine fishes of continental Ecuador. Volume 2: Species Guide. SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan DS, Evermann BW, Tanaka S. Notes on new or rare fishes from Hawaii. Proc Calif Acad Sci. 1927;16(20):649–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jütter F. Liberation of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipids as a grazer defencse reaction in epilithicdiatom biofilms. J Phycol. 2001;37:744–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kailola PJ, Williams MJ, Stewart PC, Reichelt RE, McNee A, Grieve C. Australian fisheries resources. Canberra: Bureau of Resource Sciences; 1993. 422 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao CY. Pharmacology of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. Fed Proc. 1972;31(3):1117–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao CY. Structure-activity relations of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and analogues. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1986;479:52–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzung BG. Histamine, serotonin, and ergot alkaloids. In: Katsung BG, editor. Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw Hill; 2007. p. 255–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawataba T. Problems involved in the research on fish and shellfish poisonings. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1962;15:141–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawataba T, Ishizaka K, Miura T. Studies on the food poisoning associated with putrefaction of marine products. I. outbreaks of allergy-like food poisoning caused by “sama sakuraboshi” (dried seasoned saury) and canned seasoned mackerel (In Japanese, English summary). Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish. 1955;21:335–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.). 2001. Atlas des poissons d’eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrim Nat, 47:1-387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan HA, Jhingran VG. FAO Fish. Synop., (111). In: Synopsis of biological data on rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1975. 100 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiernan MC, Isbister GK, Lin CS, Burke D, Bostock H. Acute tetrodotoxin-induced neurotoxicity after ingestion of puffer fish. Ann Neurol. 2005;57(3):339–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim R. Flushing syndrome due to mahimahi (scombroid fish) poisoning. Arch Dermatol. 1979;115(8):963–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein-MacPhee G. Molidae. In: Collette BB, Klein-MacPhee G, editors. Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; 2002. p. 603–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox G. Poisonous fishes and methods of preventing cases of poisoning by them. Voen Med Zh. 1888;161(399):464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen SW, Clements KD. Revision of the fish family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Zootaxa. 2013;3751(1):001–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama AM, Hokama Y. Variations in symptomatology of ciguatera poisoning. Toxicon. 1989;27:593–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama AM, Hokama Y, Yasumoto T, Fukui M, Manea SJ, Sutherland N. Clinical and laboratory findings implicating palytoxin as cause of ciguatera poisoning due to Decapterus macrosoma (mackerel). Toxicon. 1989;27(9):1051–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolar CS, Chapman DC, Courtenay Jr WR, Housel CM, Williams JD, Jennings DP. Asian carps of the genus Hypophthalmichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae)―a biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment. 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kossel A. Yber die basischen Stoffe des Zellkerns. S.-B. Kgl. preuss. Akad Wiss. 1896;18:403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kottelat M. Fishes of Laos. Colombo: WHT Publications; 2001. 198 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kottelat M, Freyhof J. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Cornol and Berlin: Publications Kottelat and Freyhof; 2007. 646 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kottelat M, Freyhof J. Mugil cephalus. The IUCN Red List of threatened species 2012: e.T135567A515308. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T135567A515308.en. Downloaded on 15 May 2016.

  • Kounis NG. Coronary hypersensitivity disorder: the Kounis syndrome. Clin Ther. 2013;35(5):563–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiter RH, Tonozuka T. Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Part 3. Jawfishes – Sunfishes, Opistognathidae – Molidae. Australia: Zoonetics; 2001. p. 623–893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusche J, Bieganski T, Hesterberg R. The influence of carcinoma growth on diamine oxidase activity in human gastrointestinal tract. Agents Actions. 1980;10:110–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange WR, Lipkin KM, Yang GC. Can ciguatera be a sexually transmitted disease? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1989;27:193–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange WR, Snyder FR, Fudala PJ. Travel and ciguatera fish poisoning. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:2049–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lartigue J, Jester E, Dickey R, Villareal T. Nitrogen source effects on the growth and toxicity of two strains of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Harmful Algae. 2009;8:781–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Last PR, Stevens JD. Sharks and rays of Australia. Australia: CSIRO; 1994. 513 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurent D, Kerbrat AS, Darius HT, Girard E, Golubic S, Benoit E, Sauviat MP, Chinain M, Molgo J, Pauillac S. Are cyanobacteria involved in Ciguatera fish poisoning-like outbreaks in New Caledonia? Harmful Algae. 2008;7(6):827–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence DN, Enriquez MB, Lumish RM, Maceo A. Ciguatera fish poisoning in Miami. J Am Med Assoc. 1980;244:254–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeau A. La ciguatera dans l’Océan Indien: étude des poissons vénéneux des bancs de l’archipel des Mascareignes et de la crète centrale de l’Océan Indien. Rev Trav Inst Pêches Marit. 1979;42(4):325–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee RF, Hagen W, Kattner G. Lipid storage in marine zooplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2006;307:273–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legrand A, Fukui M, Cruchet P, Ishibashi Y, Yasumoto T. Characterization of ciguatoxins from different fish species and wild Gambierdiscus toxicus. In: Tosteson TR, editor. Proceeding of the 3rd international conference on Ciguatera, Puerto Rico, 1992. Quebec: Polysciences Publications; 1992. p. 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legroux R, Levaditi JC, Boudin G, Bovet D. Présence d’histamine dans la chair d’un thon responsible d’une intoxication collective. Ann Inst Pasteur. 1947;73:101–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehane L, Olley J. Histamine fish poisoning revisited. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000;58(1–2):1–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehodey P, Leroy B. Age and growth of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the western and central Pacific ocean as indicated by daily growth increments and tagging data. SCTP12, 16–23 Jun 1999, Tahiti Work. Pap. YFT-2. 1999. 21 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leis JM. Diodontidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 903–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leis JM. Diodontidae. Porcupine fishes (burrfishes). In: Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific, Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, vol. 6. Rome: FAO; 2001. p. 3958–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lelek A. The freshwater fishes of Europe. Threatened fishes of Europe. Wiesbaden: AULA-Verlag; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerke PA, Werner SB, Taylor SL, Guthertz LS. Scombroid poisoning. Report of an outbreak. West J Med. 1978;129:381–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung KSY, Fong BMW, Tsoi YK. Analytical challenges: determination of tetrodotoxin in human urine and plasma by LC-MS/MS. Mar Drugs. 2011;9(11):2291–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis R. Ciguatera management. SPC Live Reef Fish Inf Bull. 2000;7:11–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RJ. The changing face of ciguatera. Toxicon. 2001;39:97–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis R, King G. In: Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JF, editors. Ciguatera (fish poisoning). Sydney: University of New South Wales Press; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li SZ. Compendium of Materia Medica (Ben Cao Gang Mu). Beijing: People’s Health Publishing House, 1596, reprinted 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieske E, Myers R. Collins pocket guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. New York: Haper Collins; 1994. 400 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ling KH, Cheung CW, Cheng SW, Cheng L, Li SL, Nichols PD, et al. Rapid detection of oilfish and escolar in fish steaks: a tool to prevent keriorrhea episodes. Food Chem. 2008;110:538–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ling KH, Nichols PD, But PP. Fish-induced keriorrhea. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2009;57:1–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litaker RW, Vandersea MW, Faust MA, Kibler SR, Chinain M, Holmes MJ, Holland WC, Tester PA. Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia. 2009;48:344–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llewellyn LE. Revisiting the association between sea surface temperature and the epidemiology of fish poisoning in the South Pacific: reassessing the link between ciguatera and climate change. Toxicon. 2009; doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.011.79.

  • Lowe RT. A synopsis of the fishes of Madeira. Trans Zool Soc London. 1841;2:180–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukton A, Olcott HS. Content of free imidazole compounds in the muscle tissue of aquatic animals. Food Res. 1958;23:611–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lum K. Safety of fish and seafood products. In: Oyarzabal OA, Backert S, editors. Microbial food safety. New York: Springer; 2012. p. 159–72.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx VA. Nephrotoxicity of alternative medicine practice. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012;19(3):129–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons DE, Beery JT, Lyons SA, Taylor SL. Cadaverine and aminoguanidine potentiate the uptake of histamine in vitro in perfused intestinal segments of rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983;70:445–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macht DI, Barba-Gose J. Pharmacology of Ruvettus pretiosus, or “castor-oil fish”. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1931a;28:772–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macht DI, Barba-Gose J. Two new methods for pharmacological comparison of insoluble purgatives. J Am Pharmacol Assoc. 1931b;20:556–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macht DI, Spencer EC. Physiological and toxicological effects of some fish muscle extracts. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1941;46(2):228–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maintz L, Novak N. Histamine and histamine intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1185–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maitland PS, Campbell RN. Freshwater fishes. London: Harper Collins; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mak SK; Ho J. A case of puffer fish poisoning. Commun Dis Watch. 2006; 3:89–92. Available online: http://www.chp.gov.hk/en/guideline1_year/29/134/112.html. Accessed from 29 Oct to 11 Nov 2006.

  • Mancini I, Defant A, Mesarič T, Potočnik F, Batista U, Guella G, Turk T, Sepčić K. Fatty acid composition of common barbel (Barbus barbus) roe and evaluation of its haemolytic and cytotoxic activities. Toxicon. 2011;57(7):1017–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manilo LG, Bogorodsky SV. Taxonomic composition, diversity and distribution of coastal fishes of the Arabian Sea. J Ichthyol. 2003;43(1):S75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maracacci A. Sur le pouvoir toxique du sang de thon. Arch Ital Biol. 1891;16:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maralit BA, Aguila RD, Ventolero MFH, Perez SWL, Willette DA, Santo MD. Detection of mislabeled commercial fishery by-products in the Philippines using DNA barcodes and its implications to food traceability and safety. Food Control. 2013;33:119–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariner W. An account of the natives of the Tonga Islands. Boston: Charles Ewer; 1820. 192 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markov S. Seefischvergiftung. Wien Med Woschr. 1943;93(26–27):388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin W, Banner AH. The effect of poisonous fish upon intestinal parasites. Trans Am Microsc Soc. 1958;77(3):304–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massabuau JC, Forgue E. How sheatfish, Silurus glanis, maintains oxygen supply in hypoxia: a key example of oxygen homeostasis. Aquat Living Resour. 1995;8(4):423–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago, vol. 1. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 1984. 437 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui T, Hamada S, Konosu S. Difference inaccumulation of puffer fish toxin and crystalline tetrodotoxinin the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes rubripes. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish. 1981;47:535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui T, Yamamori K, Chinone M, Takatsuka S, Sugiyama S, Sato H, Shimizu C. Development of toxicity in culturedpuffer fish kept with wild puffer fish-I. Development of toxicity incultured Kusahugu (Fugu niphobles). In: Proceedings of theAnnual Conference of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. Japan: Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries; 1985. p. 156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattei C, Dechraoui M, Molgó J, Meunier F, Legrand A, Benoit E. Neurotoxins targetting receptor site 5 of voltage-dependent sodium channels increase the nodal volume of myelinated axons. J Neurosci Res. 1999;55:666–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melton RJ, Randall JE, Fusetani N, Weiner RS, Couch RD, Sims JK. Fatal sardine poisoning. Hawaii Med J. 1984;43(4):114–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menezes NA. Molidae. In: Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moun RL, editors. Catálogo das Espécies de Peixes Marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo; 2003. p. 111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng X. A Dietetic Materia Medica (Shi Liao Ben Cao). Shanghai: Shanghai Dadong Publishing House, c. 710 CE, reprinted. Boston: Mifflin Company; 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer FD. On the poisonous quality of a species of West Indian fish. Phila Med Phys J. 1805;1:43–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Ahrens KM. Von den giftigen fischen. Schweiz Z Med Chir Geburtsh. 1855;3:188–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihálik J. K morfometrike sumca a výskum poloume Ĭého výteru sumca na Slovensku [A contribution to the morphometry of sheatfish and research on semi-artificial propagation of sheatfish in Slovakia]. Diplome Arbeit, Faculty of Zootechnology, Agricultural University, Nitra. (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihálik J. Der Wels. Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei. 2nd ed. Magdeburg: Westarp Wissenschaften; 1995. p. 71 lk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills AR. Poisonous fish in the South Pacific. J Trop Med Hyg. 1956;59:99–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molgó J, Comella J, Legrand A. Ciguatoxin enhances quantal transmitter release from frog motor nerve terminals. Br J Pharmacol. 1990;99:695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molgó J, Shimahara T, Legrand A. Ciguatoxin, extracted from poisonous morays eels, causes sodium-dependent calcium mobilization in NG108-15 neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells. Neurosci Lett. 1993;158:147–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow JD, et al. Evidence that histamine is the causative toxin of scombroid-fish poisoning. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(11):716–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosher HS, Fuhrman FA. Occurrence and origin oftetrodotoxin. In: Ragelis EP, editor. Seafood toxins. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1984. p. 333–44.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mosher HS, Fuhrman FA, Buchwald HD, Fischer HG. Tarichatoxin-tetrodontoxin: a potent neurotoxin. Science. 1964;144:1100–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motil KJ, Scrimshaw NS. The role of exogenous histamine in scombroid poisoning. Toxicol Lett. 1979;3:219–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhamediyeva, F.D. and Sal’nikov, V.B.. [On the morphology and ecology of Silurus glanis Linne. in the Khauzkhan Reservoir]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Seriya Biologia. 1980. p. 34–9. [In Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bish Mus Bull Zool. 2005;6:1–704.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munir S, Siddiqui PJA, Morton SL. The occurrence of the ciguatera fish poisoning producing dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus in Pakistan waters. Algae. 2011;26(4):317–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munroe TA, Priede IG. Nematalosa nasus. The IUCN Red List of threatened species 2010: e.T154774A4630521. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154774A4630521.en. Downloaded on 9 May 2016.

  • Murata M, Legrand A, Ishibashi Y, Fukui M, Yasumoto T. Structures and configurations of ciguatoxin from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus and its likely precursor from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. J Am Chem Soc. 1990;112:4380–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murata M, Naoki H, Iwashita T, Matsunaga S, Sasaki M, Yokoyama A, Yasumoto T. Structure of maitotoxin. J Am Chem Soc. 1993;115:2060–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray T, Swanson P, Carey C. Tuna resources and tuna research in New Zealand. Country Statement – New Zealand. South Pacific Commission, 16th Regional Technical Meeting on Fisheries. Noumea, New Caledonia, 13–17 Aug 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muus BJ, Nielsen JG. Sea fish. Hedehusene: Scandinavian Fishing Year Book; 1999. p. 340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers RF. Micronesian reef fishes. 2nd ed. Barrigada: Coral Graphics; 1991. 298 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers RF. Micronesian reef fishes. Coral Graphics; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Najafpour N, Coad BW. Ichthyootoxism in Barbus luteus from Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae). Zool Middle East. 2002;26(1):129–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura I. Gempylidae. Escolares. In: Fischer W, Krupp F, Schneider W, Sommer C, Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca, Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 vols. Rome: FAO; 1995. p. 1106–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura I, Parin NV. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 15. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish, cutlassfishes, scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date. FAO Fish Synop. 1993;125(15):136 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama T. Researches on the history of traditional chinese medicine in Japan. Tokyo: Tokyo Publishing House; 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols JT, Bartsch P. Fish and shells of the Pacific world. New York: Macmillan Co.; 1945. p. 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols PD, Mooney BD, Elliott NG. Unsually high levels of nonsaponifiable lipids in the fishes escolar and rudderfish Idenfication by gas and thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2001;936:183–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson GM, Lewis RJ. Ciguatoxins: cyclic polyether modulators of voltage-gated ion channel function. Mar Drugs. 2006;4:88–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi T, Arakawa O. Tetrodotoxin-distribution and accumulation in aquatic organisms, and cases of human intoxication. Mar Drugs. 2008;6:220–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi T, Ebesu JSM. Puffer poisoning: epidemiology and treatment. Toxin Rev. 2001;20:1–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi T, Jeon JK, Arakawa O, Sugita H, Deguchi Y, Shida Y, Hashimoto K. Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin in Vibrio sp. isolated from intestine of xanthid crab, Atergatis floridus. J Biochem. 1986;99:311–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogura Y. The biological estimation of crystalline tetrodontoxin. III. On the isolated stomach vagal nerve preparation of rat (In Japanese, English summary). Annu Rep Food Microbiol. 1963;12:105–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldendorp CG. Geschichte der mission der ecangelischen brüder auf den caraibischen inseln St. Thomas, St. Croix, und St. Jean. 1777; vol. II, No. 6, p. 110–1. Johann Jacob Bossart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opuszynski K, Shireman JV. Herbivorous fishes: culture and use for weed management. In cooperation with James E. Weaver, Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Fisheries Research Center. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orfila M. A general system of toxicology. Philadelphia: Carey and Sons; 1817.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oshiro N, Yogi K, Asato S, Sasaki T, Tamanaha K, Hirama M, Yasumoto T, Inafuku Y. Ciguatera incidence and fish toxicity in Okinawa, Japan. Toxicon. 2009; doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.036.

  • Otani Y, Hasegawa K, Hanaki K. Comparison of aerobic denitrifying activity among three cultural species with various carbon sources. Water Sci Technol. 2004;50:5–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otruka Y, Kimura S, Mana J. Encyclopedia of traditional medicine in East-Asia. Japan: Kodansha; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page LM, Burr BM. A field guide to freshwater fishes. Boston: Houghton; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paik JH-Y, Bjeldanes LF. Effects of cadaverine on histamine transport and metabolism in isolated gut sections of the guinea-pig. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1979;17:629–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palafox NA, Jain LG, Pinano AZ, Gulick TM, Williams RK, Schatz IJ. Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol. J Am Med Assoc. 1988;259:2740–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pall M. Common etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity via elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite. Med Hypotheses. 2001;57:139–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey NR, Yu Yao B, Khakurel S. Acute renal failure after consumption of fish gall bladder. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parenti P. Family Molidae Bonaparte 1832—molas or ocean sunfishes. Annot Checkl Fish. 2003;18:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons ML, Aligizaki K, Dechraoui Bottein M-Y, Fraga S, Morton SL, Penna A, Rhodes L. Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology. Harmful Algae. 2012;14:107–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul L, Fowler S (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003). Heptranchias perlo. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2003: e.T41823A10572878. 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41823A10572878.en. Downloaded on 5 May 2016.

  • Paulin CD, Habib G, Carey CL, Swanson PM, Voss GJ. New records of Mobula japanica and Masturus lanceolatus, and further records of Luvaris imperialis (Pisces: Mobulidae, Molidae, Louvaridae) from New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshw Res. 1982;16(1):11–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauly D, Cabanban A, Torres Jr. FSB. Fishery biology of 40 trawl-caught teleosts of western Indonesia. In: Pauly D, Martosubroto P, editors. Baseline studies of biodiversity: the fish resource of western Indonesia. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 23; 1996. p. 135–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearn J. Neurology of ciguatera. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(1):4–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Martin R, Franco J, Aubourg S, Gallardo J. Changes in free amino acids content in albacore (Thunnusalalunga) muscle during thermal processing. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1988;187:432–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pergola M. Bactéries toxigènes chez le poisson frais avec ou sans la presence de l’ichthyovenin. Boll Sez Ital Soc Intern Microbiol. 1937;9:105–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pergola M. L’ictioveleno e istamina. Rend Ist Sup Sanit. 1956;19:419–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phisalix M. Animaux venimeux et venins, 2 vols. Paris: Masson et Cie; 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poey F. Ciguatera. Memoria sobre la enfermedad ocasionadapor la peces venenosos. Repert Fisico-Natural Isla Cuba (Havana). 1966;2:1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohlmann K, Grasso FW, Breithaupt T. Tracking wakes: the nocturnal predatory strategy of piscivorous catfish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:7371–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope EC, Hays GC, Thys TM, Doyle TK, Sims DW, Queiroz N, Hobson VJ, Kubicek L, Houghton JDR. The biology and ecology of the ocean sunfish, Mola mola: a review of current knowledge and future research perspectives. Rev Fish Biol Fish. 2010; doi:10.1007/s11160-009-9155-9.

  • Pottier I, Vernoux J, Jones A, Lewis R. Analysis of toxin profiles in three different fish species causing ciguatera fish poisoning in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Food Addit Contam. 2002a;19:1034–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pottier I, Vernoux J, Jones A, Lewis R. Characterization of multiple Caribbean ciguatoxins and congeners in individual specimens of horse-eye jack (Caranx latus) by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Toxicon. 2002b;40:929–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quod JP, Turquet J. Ciguatera in Réunion Island: epidemiology and clinical patterns. Toxicon. 1996;34(7):779–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Racciatti D, Vecchiet J, Ceccomancini A, Ricci F, Pizzigallo E. Chronic fatigue syndrome following a toxic exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2001;270:27–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Bentur Y. Rabbitfish (“Aras”). An unusual source of ciguatera poisoning. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4:28–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rainboth WJ. Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. Rome: FAO; 1996. 265 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raithel M, Ulrich P, Hochberger J, Hahn EG. Measurement of gut diamine oxidase activity: diamine oxidase as a new biologic marker of colorectal proliferation? Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;859(1):262–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. A review of ciguatera, tropical fish poisoning, with a tentative explanation of its cause. Bull Mar Sci. 1958;8(3):236–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. Coastal fishes of Oman. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. Review of clupeotoxism, an often fatal illness from the consumption of clupeoid fishes. Pac Sci. 2005;59(1):73–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawles DD, Flick GJ, Martin RE. Biogenic amines in fish and shellfish. Adv Food Nutr Res. 1996;39:329–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Read BE. Chinese materia medica. Fish drugs. Peiping Nat Hist Bull. 1939;136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rémy C. Sur les poissons toxique du Japon. Comp Rend Soc Biol. 1883;7:3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Research Group for Collating Mawangdui Medical Books (RGCMMB). A transcription of some of the medical texts contained in the silk manuscripts and unearthed at the No. 3 Han tomb at Mawangdui. Wen Wu. 1975;6:1–5 and 9:35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reide K. Global register of migratory species – from global to regional scales. Final report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Bonn: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation; 2004. 329 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie AH, Mackie IM. The formation of diamines and polyamines during storage of mackerel (Scomber scombrus). In: Connell JJ, editor. Advances in fish science and technology. Surrey: Fishing News Books; 1979. p. 489–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins CR, Bailey RM, Bond CE, Brooker JR, Lachner EA, Lea RN, Scott WB. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am Fish Soc Spec Publ. 1991;21:243 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rontani J. Production of Wax Esters by bacteria. In: Timmis KN, editor. Handbook of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 459–70.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Roughly TC, Roberts BJ. Bounty descendant live on remote Norfolk island. Natl Geogr Mag. 1960;116(6):575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruff RL, Lewis J. Clinical aspects of ciguatera: an overview. Mem Qld Mus. 1994:609–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Capillas C, Moral A. Free amino acids and biogenic amines in red and white muscle of tuna stored in controlled atmospheres. Amino Acids. 2004;26:125–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell FE. Marine foams and venomous and poisonous marine animals. In: Advancxs to marine biology, vol. 3. London: Academic Press; 1965. p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell BC, Houston W. Offshore fishes of the Arafura Sea. Beagle. 1989;6(1):69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell FE, Maretić Z. Scombroid poisoning: mini-review with case histories. Toxicon. 1986;24(10):967–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabroe RA, Kobza Black A. Scombrotoxic fish poisoning. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1998;23(6):258–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saburova M, Polikarpov I, Al-Yamani F. New records of the genus Gambierdiscus in marginal seas of the Indian Ocean. Mar Biodivers Rec. 2013;6:e91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakami T, Nakahara H, Chinain M, Ishida Y. Effects of epiphytic bacteria on the growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 1999;233:231–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Guerrero IM, Vidal JB, Escudero AI. Scombroid fish poisoning: apotentially life-threatening allergic-like reaction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:433–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satake M, Murata M, Yasumoto T. The structure of CTX3C, a ciguatoxin congener isolated from cultured Gambierdiscus toxicus. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993;34:1975–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savtschenko P. Atlas of the poisonous fishes. Description of the ravages produced by them in the human organism, and antidotes which may be employed (In Russian). St. Petersburg; 1886. p. 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnorf H, Taurarii M, Cundy T. Ciguatera fish poisoning: a double-blind randomized trial of mannitol therapy. Neurology. 2002;58:873–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott WB, Crossman EJ. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull Fish Res Board Can. 1973;184:1–966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott WB, Scott MG. Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can Bull Fish Aquat Sci. 1988;219:731 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadbolt C, Kirk M, Roche P. Diarrhoea associated with consumption of escolar (rudderfish). Commun Dis Intell. 2002;26:436–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao, K.-T. and P.L. Lim, 1991. Fishes of freshwater and estuary. Encyclopedia of field guide in Taiwan. Recreation Press, Taipei. vol. 31. 240 p (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi DB. The great chinese encyclopedia: traditional chinese medicine. Beijing: The Great Chinese Encyclopedia Publishing House; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shireman JV, Smith CR. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844). Food Aquac Org Synop. 1983;135:86 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh NS, Singh LKS, Khaidem I, et al. Acute renal failure following consumption of raw fish gall-bladder from Manipur. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:743–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivadas M, Radhakrishnan Nair PN, Balasubramanian KK, Bhaskaran MM. Length weight relationship, relative condition, size at first maturity and sex ratio of Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta from Calicut. J Mar Biol Assoc India. 2006;48(2):274–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeleton PH. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Gauteng: Southern Book Publishers; 1993. 388 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MM. Kyphosidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 603–4.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CL. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. New York: Alfred A. Knopf; 1997. 720 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MM, Heemstra PC. Tetraodontidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 894–903.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer C, Schneider W, Poutiers J-M. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. Rome: FAO; 1996. 376 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrman A. A voyage round the world with Captain James Cook in H.M.S. Resolution. London: Golden Cockerell Press; 1944. p. 218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Specht D. Scombroid fish poisoning. J Emerg Nurs. 1998;24(2):118–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spillman C-J. Faune de France: Poissons d’eau douce. Tome: Fédération Française des Sociétés Naturelles; 1961. 303 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stommel EW. Scombroid fish poisoning. In: Simjee S, editor. Infectious disease: foodborne diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2007. p. 375–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stratton JE, Taylor SL. Scombroid poisoning. In: Ward D, Hackney C, editors. Microbiology of marine food products. New York: Spectrum; 1991. p. 331–51.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Suehiro Y. Poison of globe-fish. In: Suehiro Y, editor. Practice of fish physiology (In Japanese). Tokyo: Takeuchi Bookstore; 1947. p. 140–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suyama M, Yoshizawa Y. Free amino acid composition of the skeletal muscle of migratory fish. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish. 1973;39:1339–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taft C. Poisonous marine animals. Tex Rep Biol Med. 1945;3:399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahara Y. Reports of discovery of puffer toxin (In Japanese). Chugai Iji Shimpo. 1894;344:4–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahara Y. Ueber die giftigen bestandtheile des tetrodon. Congr Internat Hyg Demg, C.R. 1894 (Budapest). 1896;8:198–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahara Y. Discover of puffer poison (In Japanese). Dobutsugaku Zasshi. 1897;6:268–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahara Y. Über das tetrodongift. Biochem Z. 1910;30:255–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takayanagi F, Kitamura T, Satoh T. Lectured at the 5th meeting of the Society of the Public Health of Hokkaido. 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tampubolon GH, Merta IGS. Mackerel fisheries in the Malacca straits; 1987. p. 101–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanew A. Severe scombroid fish poisoning: an under recognized dermatological emergency. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;65:246–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang W-C. Chinese medicinal materials from the sea. Abstr Chin Med. 1987;1(4):571–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SL. Histamine food poisoning: toxicology and clinical aspects. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1986;17(2):91–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SL, Lieber ER. In vivo inhibition of rat intestinal histaminemetabolizing enzymes. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1979;17:237–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SL, Speckard M. Isolation of histamine producing bacteria from frozen tuna. Mar Fish Rev. 1983;45:35–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SL, Stratton JE, Nordlee JA. Histamine poisoning (scombroid fish poisoning): an allergy-like intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1989;27(4–5):225–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas E. On the poison of fish. Mem Med Soc Lond. 1799;5:94–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson JM. Mugilidae. In: Quero JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA), vol. 2. JNICT, SEI, and UNESCO: Lisbon, Paris, and Paris; 1990. p. 855–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting JY, Brown AF. Ciguatera poisoning: a global issue with common management problems. Eur J Emerg Med. 2001;8:295–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinker SW. Hawaiian fishes. Honolulu, HI: Tongg Pub. Co.; 1944. p. 262–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Titcomb M, Pukui MK. Native use offish in Hawai’i; 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda K, Ikuma S, Kawamura M, Tachikawa R, Sakai K, Tamura C, Amakasu D. Tetrodotoxin. VII. On the structures of tetrotoxin and its derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull. 1964;12:1357–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tung I-H. On the fishery biology of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, in Taiwan. Rep Inst Fish Biol Minist Econ Aff Natl Taiwan Univ. 1981;3:38–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turquet J, Quod J-P, Ten-Hage L, Dahalani Y, Wendling B. Example of a Gambierdiscus toxicus flare-up following the 1998 coral bleaching event in Mayotte Island (Comoros, south-west Indian Ocean). In: Hallegraeff GM, Blackburn SI, Bolch CJ, Lewis RJ, editors. Harmful algal blooms. Paris: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO; 2001. p. 364–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ukkatawewat S. The taxonomic characters and biology of some important freshwater fishes in Thailand. Manuscript. Bangkok: National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; 1999. 55 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vahl M, Amdrup GC, Bobé L, Jensen ADS. Greenland. Copenhagen: Commission for the direction of the geological and geographical investigations in Greenland. 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernoux J, Lahlou N, Abbad A, Riyeche N, Magras L. A study of the distribution of ciguatoxin in individual Caribbean fish. Acta Trop. 1985;42:225–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernoux J, Lewis R. Isolation and characterization of Caribbean ciguatoxins from the horseeye jack (Caranx latus). Toxicon. 1997;35:889–900.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villareal T, Hanson S, Qualia S, Jester E, Granade H, Dickey R. Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae. 2007;6:253–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent L. Les Poissons vénéneus du Japon. Arch Médivcale Nav Paris. 1883;39:392–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinson LP. Eléments d’une topographie médicale de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et de I’lle des Pins. Thesis No. 59, faculty of Medicine, Paris. 1858. p. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang DQ-H, Carey M. Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(29):9952–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YL, Li XH. Progress in the studies of the drained bear bile. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi. 1991;16:592–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler JFG. Report on the Mauritius-seychelles fisheries survey 1948-1949. Part I. The bottom fishes of economic importance. Fish Publ Lond. 1953;1(3):1–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • White MV. The role of histamine in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;86:599–605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead PJP. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish Synop. 1985;125(7/1):1–303. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead PJP, Wongratana T. Clupeidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 199–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Withers NW. Ciguatera fish poisoning. Annu Rev Med. 1982;33:97–111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodland D. Siganidae. Spinefoots, rabbitfishes. In: Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The Western Central Pacific. 1997. p. 3627–3650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodwardm RB. The structure of tetrodotoxin. Pure Appl Chem. 1964;9:49–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z, Xie L, Xia G, Zhang J, Nie Y, Hu J, Wang S, Zhang R. A new tetrodotoxin-producing actinomycete, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, isolated from the ovaries of puffer fish Fugu rubripes. Toxicon. 2005;45(7):851–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang CC, Deng JF. Overview of marine toxins. I Tetrodotoxin Clin Med. 1996;38, 125–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang CC, Liao SC, Deng JF. Tetrodotoxin poisoning in Taiwan: an analysis of poison center data. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1996;38(4):282–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yano I. An experimental study on the globefish (fugu). Jpn Soc of Int Med 33rd Annu Meet. 1938;5:99–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasemi M, Nazari Bejgan AR. The first record of southern ocean sunfish, Mola ramsayi from Northern Oman Sea, Iran. Iran J Fish Sci. 2014;13(1):242–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasumoto T, Inoue A, Bagnis R, Garçon M. Ecological survey on a dinoflagellate possibly responsible for the induction of ciguatera. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish. 1979;45:395–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yasumoto T, Nakajima I, Bagnis R, Adachi R. Finding of a dinoflagellate as a likely culprit of ciguatera. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish. 1977;43:1021–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yasumoto T, Yasumura D, Yotsu M, Michishita T, Endo A, Kotaki Y. Bacterial production of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin. Agric Biol Chem. 1986;50:793–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yohannes K, Dalton CB, Halliday L, Unicomb LE, Kirk M, et al. An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness associated with the consumption of escolar fish. Commun Dis Intell. 2002;26:441–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yotsu M, Tamazaki T, Meguro Y, Endo A, Murata M, Naoki H, Yasumoto T. Production of tetrodotoxin and its derivatives by Pseudomonas sp. isolated from skin of a pufferfish. Toxicon. 1987;25:225–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2011: e.T166081A6168056. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166081A6168056.en.

  • Zhong YY, Li X. The oldest medical prescriptions; prescriptions for fifty-two types of diseases discovered in China. Wen Wu. 1975;9:49–60.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand

    Laith A. Jawad

Authors
  1. Laith A. Jawad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jawad, L.A. (2018). Poisonous Fishes. In: Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57926-9_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation