Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

TXT-tool 2.385-1.1 A Comprehensive Landslide Monitoring System: The Kostanjek Landslide, Croatia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools

Abstract

In this paper the general design of the integrated monitoring system of the Kostanjek landslide (Zagreb, Croatia) will be briefly presented. A comprehensive automated real-time monitoring system has been installed as a part of the research activities in the Croatian–Japanese SATREPS FY2008 scientific project on landslides in 2011–2013. The monitoring system consist of sensors for geodetic, hydrological and geotechnical monitoring to monitor landslide movement and landslide causal factors. Equipment for landslide monitoring at the surface and in the underground include 15 precise GNSS stations, long- and short-span extensometers, pore pressure gauges in boreholes, water level gauges in wells, rain gauge, weather station and accelerometers. All monitoring equipment is connected in the system entitled the Kostanjek Landslide Observatory. Monitoring of this deep and large landslide during multiple extreme hydro-meteorological events from January 2013 to January 2015 enabled collection of data for the analysis of landslide movement both on and below the surface as well as analysis of the relationship between landslide reactivations and their triggers, i.e., changes in groundwater level and precipitation. Monitoring results have proven established monitoring system as a sound tool for long-term monitoring as well as for landslide characterization. Preliminary application of landslide characterization (i.e., determination of landslide geometry) was presented in the form of numerical modeling to access changes on the landslide surface and run-out length for hazard and risk mapping purposes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arbanas Ž, Sassa K, Marui H, Mihalić S (2012) Comprehensive monitoring system on the Grohovo Landslide, Croatia. In: Proceedings of the 11th international & 2nd North American symposium on landslides. Banff, Canada, pp 1441–1447

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbanas Ž, Mihalić Arbanas S, Vivoda Prodan M, Peranić J, Jagodnik V, Dugonjić Jovančević S (2016) TXT-tool 2.385-1.1 a comprehensive landslide monitoring system: the Grohovo landslide, Croatia. In: Sassa K et al (eds) Landslide dynamics: ISDR-ICL landslide interactive teaching tools. Springer, Heidelberg (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baroň I, Supper R, Ottowitz D (eds) (2012) The Safeland project, deliverable 4.6. In: Report on evaluation of mass movement indicators. Unpublished report. Geological Survey of Austria (GSA), p 328

    Google Scholar 

  • Baučić M, Mihalić Arbanas S, Krkač M (2013) Geographic information system of landslide Kostanjek: integration of real-time GNSS monitoring data with other sensor data. In: Proceedings of the 1st regional symposium on landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan region. Zagreb, Croatia, pp 12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernat S, Mihalić Arbanas S, Krkač M (2014) Inventory of precipitation triggered landslides in the winter of 2013 in Zagreb (Croatia, Europe). In: Proceedings of the 3rd world landslide forum, landslide science for a safer geoenvironment, vol 2. Beijing, China, pp 829–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernat S, Mihalić Arbanas S, Krkač M (2015) Catalog of precipitation events that triggered landslides in northwestern Croatia. In: Proceedings of the 2nd regional symposium on landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan region. Beograd, Serbia (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blikra LS (2012) The Åknes rockslide, Norway. In: Clague JJ, Stead D (eds) Landslides—types, mechanisms and modeling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 323–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Brückl E, Brunner FK, Kraus K (2006) Kinematics of a deep-seated landslide derived from photogrammetric, GPS and geophysical data. Eng Geol 88:149–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castagnetti C, Bertacchini E, Corsini A, Capra A (2013) Multi-sensors integrated system for landslide monitoring: critical issues in system setup and data management. Eur J Rem Sens 46:104–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corsini A, Pasuto A, Soldati M, Zannoni A (2005) Field monitoring of the Corvara landslide (Dolomites, Italy) and its relevance for hazard assessment. Geomorphology 66:149–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotecchia V (2006) The second hans cloos lecture. Experience drawn from the great Ancona landslide of 1982. Bull Eng Geol Env 65:1–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferić P, Mihalić S, Krkač M, Arbanas Ž, Podolszki L (2010) Kostanjek landslide: current state and planned project activities. In: Proceedings 1st workshop of the project risk identification and land-use planning for disaster mitigation of landslides and floods in Croatia. Dubrovnik, Croatia, p 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Froese CR, Charrière M, Humair F, Jaboyedoff M, Pedrazzini A (2012) Characterization and management of rockslide hazard at Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada. In: Clague JJ, Stead D (eds) Landslides—types, mechanisms and modeling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 310–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Furuya G, Miyagi T, Hamasaki E, Krkač M (2011) Geomorphologic mapping and 3D modeling of the Kostanjek landslide, Zagreb. Proceedings of the 2nd workshop of the project risk identification and land-use planning for disaster mitigation of landslides and floods in Croatia. Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp 21–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Gradiški K, Krkač M, Mihalić Arbanas S, Bernat S (2013) Slope stability analyses of the Kostanjek Landslide for extreme rainfalls in the winter of 2013. In: Proceedings of the 4th workshop of the project risk identification and land-use planning for disaster mitigation of landslides and floods in Croatia. Split, Croatia, pp 15–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Komac M, Holley R, Mahapatra P, Van der Marel H, Bavec M (2015) Coupling of GPS/GNSS and radar interferometric data for a 3D surface displacement monitoring of landslides. Landslides 12(2):241–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krkač M (2015) A phenomenological model of the Kostanjek landslide movement based on the landslide monitoring parameters. PhD thesis. Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering. University of Zagreb, Zagreb (in Croatian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krkač M, Rubinić J (2013) Analysis of water fluctuation dynamics in the wider area of the Kostanjek landslide. In: Proceedings of the 1st regional symposium on landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan region. Zagreb, Croatia, p 10

    Google Scholar 

  • Krkač M, Rubinić J, Mihalić S (2011) Kostanjek landslide—analyses of groundwater discharge as a basis for the new hydrological monitoring. Proceedings of the 2nd workshop of the project risk identification and land-use planning for disaster mitigation of landslides and floods in Croatia. Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp 17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Krkač M, Mihalić Arbanas S, Nagai O, Arbanas Ž (2013) The Kostanjek landslide—monitoring system development and sensor network. In: Proceedings of the 1st regional symposium on landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan region. Zagreb, Croatia, p 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Krkač M, Mihalić Arbanas S, Arbanas Ž, Bernat S, Špehar K (2014) The Kostanjek landslide in the City of Zagreb: Forecasting and protective monitoring. In: Proceedings of the XII IAEG congress, engineering geology for society and territory, vol 5. Torino, Italy, pp 715–719

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinčević J, Mihalić Arbanas S, Krkač M, Bernat S, Miklin Ž, Podolszki L (2013) Mineralogical composition of the Kostanjek landslide sediments and its possible influence on the sliding and swelling processes. In: Proceedings of the 1st regional symposium on landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan region. Zagreb, Croatia, pp 7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihalić S, Arbanas Ž (2012) The Croatian–Japanese joint research project on landslides: activities and public benefits. In: Sassa K et al (eds) Landslides: global risk preparedness. Springer, pp 335–351. doi 10.1007/978-3-642-22087-6_24

  • Mihalić Arbanas S, Arbanas Ž (2015) Landslides—a guide to researching landslide phenomena and processes. In: Gaurina-Međimurac N (ed) Handbook of research on advancements in environmental engineering. IGI Global-Hershey, pp 474–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihalić Arbanas S, Krkač M, Bernat S (2016) Application of advanced technologies in landslide research in the area of the City of Zagreb (Croatia, Europe). Geol Croat 69(2):231–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai O, Krkač M, Mihalić S (2011) Introduction of one of methods to predict failure time of a slope widely used in Japan and application to the Kostanjek landslide. In: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop of the project risk identification and land-use planning for disaster mitigation of landslides and floods in Croatia. Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp 46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Nonveiller E (1976) Analysis of ground displacement causes at the area of the “Sloboda” cement factory in Podsused. Croatian Civil Engineering Institute, Zagreb (in Croatian). Geotech Rep

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortolan Ž (1996) Development of 3D engineering geological model of deep landslide with multiple sliding surfaces (example of the Kostanjek landslide). PhD thesis. Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb (in Croatian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortolan Ž, Pleško J (1992) Repeated photogrammetric measurements at shaping geotechnical models of multi-layer landslides. Rudarsko—Geološko—Naftni Zbornik 4:51–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortolan Ž, Stanić B, Nonveiller E, Pleško J (1987) Consequences of mining in the marl quarry Kostanjek—Podsused. In: Proceedings of the 9th Yugoslavia symposium on hydrology and engineering of geology, vol 2, pp 117–128 (in Croatian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortolan Ž, Mihalinec Z, Stanić B, Pleško J (1995) Application of photogrammetric measurements at shaping geotechnical repeated models of multi-layer landslides. Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on landslides, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp 1685–1691

    Google Scholar 

  • Oštrić M, Ljutić K, Krkač M, Setiawan H, He B, Sassa K (2012) Undrained ring shear tests performed on samples from Kostanjek and Grohovo landslide. In: Proceedings of the ICL symposium, Kyoto, Japan, pp 47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Pehnec V (1967) Damage of the factory buildings in Podsused due to swelling of marl. Građevinar 6:197–201 (in Croatian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Petley DN, Mantovani F, Bulmer MN, Zannoni A (2005) The use of surface monitoring data for the interpretation of landslide movement patterns. Geomorphology 66(1–4):133–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sassa K, He B (2013) TXT-tool 3.081–1.2 landslide dynamics. In: Sassa K, He B, McSaveney M, Osamu N (eds) ICL landslide teaching tools. International Consortium on Landslides-Kyoto, pp 215–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanić B, Nonveiller E (1995) Large-scale landslide in Kostanjek area. Građevinar 47(4):201–209 (in Croatian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanić B, Nonveiller E (1996) The Kostanjek landslide in Zagreb. Eng Geol 42:269–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf A, Kerle N, Malet J-P (eds) (2011): The Safeland project, deliverable 4.4. In: Guidelines for the selection of appropriate remote sensing technologies for monitoring different types of landslides. Unpublished report. Faculty for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation—ITC, University of Twente, United Nations University, p 91

    Google Scholar 

  • Tofani V, Raspini F, Catani F, Casagli NM (2013) Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique for landslide characterization and monitoring. Remote Sens 5:1045–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vrsaljko D, Mihalić S, Bošnjak M, Krkač M (2012) Lithostratigraphical investigations at the wider area of the Kostanjek landslide: review of existing data and planned activities. In: Proceedings of the 2nd project workshop of the Croatia - Japan project on risk identification and land-use planning for disaster mitigation of landslides and floods in croatia. Rijeka, Croatia, pp 9–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe N, Krkač M, Furuya G, Wang C, Mihalić S (2011) Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater from the Kostanjek Landslide in Croatia. In: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop of the project risk identification and land-use planning for disaster mitigation of landslides and floods in Croatia. Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp 14–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto S, Watanabe N, Krkač M, Furuya G, Wang C, Mihalić Arbanas S (2013) Geochemical constraints on the origins of groundwater from the Kostanjek landslide in the western part of Zagreb, Croatia. In: Proceedings of the 1st regional symposium on landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan region. Zagreb, Croatia, pp 9–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Županović LJ, Opatić K, Bernat S (2012) Determination displacements of landslides Kostanjek with relative static method. Ekscentar 15:46–53 (in Croatian)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Results presented herein have been obtained with the financial support from JST/JICA’s SATREP Program (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development). Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia have been financing preparatory and installation works. City Office for Physical Planning, Construction of the City, Utility Services and Transport, City of Zagreb enabled and financed supply of the system with electricity from public network. These supports are gratefully acknowledged.

We would like to express our very great appreciation to the company Geomatika- Smolčak Ltd. for sponsoring the Kostanjek Landslide Observatroy development with consultations during the planning and development of the system. Our special thanks are extended to our colleagues Mr. Kristijan Špehar for his support in the site and cabinet work.

Authors want to thank the Emergency Management Office of the City of Zagreb for continuous collaboration. We are also thankful to the City Office for the Strategic Planning and Development of the City, City of Zagreb for enabling us use digital data, orthophoto maps and LiDAR DEM.

We wish to thank numerous citizens and the City of Zagreb for their contribution to this project, by enabling use of private and City’s land for measurement stations establishment.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Snježana Mihalić Arbanas, Martin Krkač, Sanja Bernat Gazibara & Marin Sečanj

  2. University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

    Marko Komac

  3. Department of Hydrotechnics and Geotechnics, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 3, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia

    Željko Arbanas

Authors
  1. Snježana Mihalić Arbanas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martin Krkač
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanja Bernat Gazibara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marko Komac
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marin Sečanj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Željko Arbanas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Snježana Mihalić Arbanas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Consortium on Landslides, Kyoto, Japan

    Kyoji Sassa

  2. Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Perugia, Italy

    Fausto Guzzetti

  3. Shin Engineering Consultant Co. Ltd., Sapporo, Japan

    Hiromitsu Yamagishi

  4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

    Željko Arbanas

  5. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Nicola Casagli

  6. GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

    Mauri McSaveney

  7. International Consortium on Landslides, Kyoto, Japan

    Khang Dang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mihalić Arbanas, S., Krkač, M., Bernat Gazibara, S., Komac, M., Sečanj, M., Arbanas, Ž. (2018). TXT-tool 2.385-1.1 A Comprehensive Landslide Monitoring System: The Kostanjek Landslide, Croatia. In: Sassa, K., et al. Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57774-6_34

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation