Skip to main content

Forming a Mixed Family Culture: In Search of Home and Friends

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mixed Family Life in the UK

Part of the book series: Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life ((PSFL))

  • 271 Accesses

Abstract

The fifth and final findings chapter explores the formation of a mixed family culture. In a somewhat similar manner to the myth that children in interlingual families “naturally and spontaneously” become bilingual (Yamamoto 2001, p1), neither do children in mixed families “naturally and spontaneously” become bicultural. Instead, becoming bicultural is a consequence of much “invisible work” (Okita 2002) and negotiation on the part of the parents, along with the mixed children themselves, and often with the support of extended family. In this chapter, two areas that  influence family life are explored: 1) the search for home, from the parents’ migration experiences to the family’s present residential location, and 2) the search for friends in their local community, both individually and as a family. Analyses of the data suggest that both searches inevitably result in more opportunities for negotiation in the mixed families; nonetheless, perhaps it is through such experiences that the mixed families begin to find their own unique way of doing family. 

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ager, Alastair, and Alison Strang. 2008. Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Refugee Studies 21 (2): 166–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alba, Richard D., and Victor Nee. 2003. Remaking American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, Suki. 2003. Mixed-Race, Post Race: Gender, Ethnicities and Cultural Practices. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anwar, Muhammad. 1979. The Myth of Return: Pakistanis in Britain. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnberg, Lenore. 1984. Mother Tongue Playgroups for Pre-School Bilingual Children. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development 5 (1): 65–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bankston III, Carl L., and Min Zhou. 1995. Effects of Minority-Language Literacy on the Academic Achievement of Vietnamese Youths in New Orleans. Sociology of Education 68 (1): 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, Elain. 2010. The Creolisation of London Kinship: Mixed African-Caribbean and White British Extended Families, 1950–2003. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blieszner, Rosemary, and Rebecca G. Adams. 1992. Adult Friendship. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bost, Kelly K., Martha J. Cox, Margaret R. Burchinal, and Chris Payne. 2002. Structural and Supportive Changes in Couples’ Family and Friendship Networks Across the Transition to Parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family 64 (2): 517–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branscombe, N.R., M.T. Schmitt, and R.D. Harvey. 1999. Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African–Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 135–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, Joanne. 2013. Researching White Mothers of Mixed-Parentage Children: The Significance of Investigating Whiteness. Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (8): 1311–1322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caballero, Chamion. 2010. Lone Mothers of Children from Mixed Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds: A Case Study. Bristol: London South Bank University and Single Parent Action Network. Available: https://www.academia.edu/1023884Lone_Mothers_Of_Children_From_Mixed_Racial_And_Ethnic_Backgrounds_A_Case_Study.

  • Caballero, Chamion, Rosalind Edwards, and Shuby Puthussery. 2008. Parenting ‘Mixed’ Children: Negotiating Difference and Belonging in Mixed Race, Ethnicity and Faith Families. London: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, Deborah. 2006. New Social Ties: Contemporary Connections in a Fragmented Society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, Zhiqiang, Paul Boyle, Maarten van Ham, and Gillian M. Raab. 2012. Are Mixed-Ethnic Unions More Likely to Dissolve Than Co-Ethnic Unions? New Evidence from Britain. European Journal of Population 28 (2): 159–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FLR(M): Application for an Exertion of Stay in the UK as the Partner of a Person Present and Settled in the UK or as a Partner of a Person With Refugee Leave or Humanitarian Protection and for a Biometric Immigration
Dcument. 2015. UK Visas & Immigration. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/423021/FLR_M__04-15.pdf.

  • Gershuny, Jonathan, Michael Bittman, and John Brice. 2005. Exit, Voice, and Suffering: Do Couples Adapt to Changing Employment Patterns? Journal of Marriage and Family 67 (3): 656–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. The Strength of Weak Ties. The American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harman, Vicki. 2013. Social Capital and the Informal Support Networks of Lone White Mothers of Mixed-Parentage Children. Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (8): 1323–1341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imamura, Anne E. 1990. Strangers in a Strange Land: Coping with Marginality in International Marriage. Journal of Comparative Family Studies XXI (2): 171–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, Tetsuo, Saravia Vargas, José Roberto Saravia Vargas, and Juan Carlos Saravia Vargas. 2011. Breaking into Japanese Literature/Identity: Tatemae and Honne. Impossibilia: Revista Internacional de Estudio Literarios 2: 82–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, Lynn. 1998. Intimacy: Personal Relationships in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Gavin, and Hsiu-hua Shen. 2008. International Marriage in East and Southeast Asia: Trends and Research Emphases. Citizenship Studies 12 (1): 9–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, Denise B. 1978. Homophily, Selection, and Socialisation in Adolescent Friendships. American Journal of Sociology 84 (2): 427–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, Ilan. 1996. The Construction of Racial Identity in Children of Mixed Parentage. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • King-O’Riain, Rebecca C. 2014. Global Mixed Race: A Conclusion. In Global Mixed Race, ed. Rebecca C. King-O’Riain, Stephen Small, Minelle Mahtani, Miri Song, and Paul Spickard, pp. vii–xxii. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koelet, Suzana and Helga AG de Valk. 2016. Social Networks and Feelings of Social Loneliness after Migration: The Case of European Migrants with a Native Partner in Belgium. Ethnicities 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luke, Carmen, and Allan Luke. 1999. Theorizing Interracial Families and Hybrid Identity: An Australian Perspective. Educational Theory 49 (2): 233–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luken, Verónica de Miguel, Miranda J. Lubbers, Miguel Solana Solana, and Dan Rodríguez-García. 2015. Evaluation of the Relational Integration of Immigrants in Mixed Unions Based on an Analysis of their Personal Networks. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas 150: 151–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacInnes, John. 1998. The End of Masculinity. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maehara, Naoko. 2010. Migrant Women in Mixed Families and their Life Transition. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (6): 953–966.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, Jennifer. 1999. Living Away from Relatives: Kinship and Geographical Reasoning. In Changing Britain: Families and Households in the 1990s, ed. Susan McRae, 156–175. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mass, Amy Iwasaki. 1992. Interracial Japanese Americans: The Best of Both Worlds or the End of the Japanese American Community? In Racially Mixed People in America, ed. Maria P.P. Roots, pp. 265–279. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGoldrick, Monica. 1982. Ethnicity and Family Therapy: An Overview. In Ethnicity & Family Therapy, ed. Monica McGoldrick, Joe Giordano, and Nydia Garcia-Preto, 3–30. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, Jody, Megan Blake, and Lucy Crane. 2010. When I’m Doing a Dinner Party I Don’t Go for the Tesco Cheeses: Gendered Class Distinctions, Friendship and Home Entertaining. Food, Culture and Society 13: 115–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mize, Jacquelyn, and Gregory S. Petit. 2010. The Mother-Child Playgroup as Socialisation Context: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study of Mother—Child-Peer Relationship Dynamics. Early Child Development and Care 180 (10): 1271–1284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, David H.G. 1996. Family Connections: An Introduction to Family Studies. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, Charlie V., Monica M. Trieu, Abigail Stephens, and Reiju Nemoto. 2016. A Grounded Typology of Foreign-born Spouses in Japan: The Motivations Behind Migration to Japan. Ethnicities 16 (4): 589–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moser, Caroline O.N. 1989. Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Gender Needs. World Development 17 (11): 1799–1825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbu, John U. 1990. Minority Status and Literacy in Comparative Perspective. Daedalus 119 (2): 141–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldenburg, Ray. 1989. The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. New York: Marlowe & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olumide, Jill. 2002. Raiding the Gene Pool: The Social Construction of Mixed Race. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oriyama, Kaya. 2011. The Effects of the Sociocultural Context on Heritage Language Literacy: Japanese-English Bilingual Children in Sydney. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 14 (6): 653–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, Robert D. 2007. E Pluribus unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2): 137–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, Louise. 2007. Migrant Women, Social Networks and Motherhood: The Experiences of Irish Nurses in Britain. Sociology 41 (2): 295–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, Jimy M. 2002. Ethnic Boundaries and Identity in Plural Societies. Annual Review of Sociology 28: 327–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, Holly S. 2010. The Importance of Parenting and Financial Contributions in Promoting Fathers’ Psychological Health. Journal of Marriage and Family 72 (2): 318–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Miri. 2003. Choosing Ethnic Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, Miri. 2009. Is Intermarriage a Good Indicator of Integration? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (2): 331–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Miri. 2016. Multiracial People and Their Partners in Britain: Extending the Link Between Intermarriage and Integration? Ethnicities 16 (4): 631–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spickard, Paul R. 1989. Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth Century America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeda, Atsushi. 2012. Emotional Transnationalism and Emotional Flows: Japanese Women in Australia. Women’s Studies International Forum 35: 22–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tizard, Barbara, and Anna Phoenix. 1993. Black, White or Mixed Race: Race and Racism in the Lives of Young People of Mixed Parentage. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Törngren, Sayaka Osanami, Nahikari Irastorza, and Miri Song. 2016. Toward Building a Conceptual Framework on Intermarriage. Ethnicities 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twine, France Winddance. 2010. A White Side of Black Britain: Interracial Intimacy and Racial Literacy. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, Mary. 1990. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Anne. 1987. Mixed Race Children: A Study of Identity. London: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yabuki, Rie. 2009. How Is Culture Determined in an International Marriage Family?—The Effect of Their Positioning in the Local Community. Tokyo City University Journal 10 (9): 77–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, Beverley Anne. 2010. International Marriage in Japan: An Exploration of Intimacy, Family and Parenthood. 18th Biennial Conference of
Asian Studies. Association of Australia. Adelaide, Australia, 5–8 July 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Min. 2005. Ethnicity as Social Capital: Community-Based Institutions and Embedded Networks of Social Relations. In Ethnicity, Social Mobility, and Public Policy in the United States and United Kingdom, ed. Glenn Loury, Tariq Modood, and Steven Teles, 131–159. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Nakamura Lopez .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nakamura Lopez, M. (2017). Forming a Mixed Family Culture: In Search of Home and Friends. In: Mixed Family Life in the UK . Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57756-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57756-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57755-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57756-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics