Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

China-Japan-US Hyper-Triumvirate

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
US-Chinese Strategic Triangles

Part of the book series: Global Power Shift ((GLOBAL))

  • 473 Accesses

Abstract

Systemic-subsystemic structural tensions converged here with urgency. Since the 1950s, the US-Japan alliance was a bulwark against feared communist encroachments in the Western Pacific. America’s extended-deterrence umbrella enabled Japan to grow its economic, scientific-technological and ‘soft-power’ assets, and push outward beyond the bounds of limited sovereignty. Systemic transitions triggered by the ‘Nixon Shokku’ and Soviet collapse shook Tokyo. China’s ‘rise’ forced Japan to formally establish its Ministry of Defence (MoD). Since then, disputes over history and geography focused Sino-Japanese rivalry resonating with Sino-US competition. Convergent deepening of the US-Japanese alliance paralleled a loosening of Japan’s legal-constitutional restrictions. And yet, post-War US-Japan-PRC dynamics betrayed very different tensions. The chapter examines the atypical evolution of this potentially inflammable triangular relational dynamic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Interviews. Tokyo, June 2013.

  2. 2.

    The Treaty transferred ‘The island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa,’ and ‘The Pescadores Group, that is to say, all islands lying between the 119th and 120th degrees of longitude east of Greenwich and the 23rd and 24th degrees north latitude.’

  3. 3.

    Invited by the US 7th Fleet, the author observed the drills aboard the USS Kitty Hawk.

References

  • Abe S (2016) Remarks at Pearl Harbour. PMO, Honolulu, 27 Dec 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • AFP (2016) Cabinet approves biggest defense budget. Japan Today, 22 Dec 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • AFP, JiJi (2016) The islands at the heart of Japan-Russia dispute. JT, 15 Dec 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali S (2005) US-China Cold War collaboration, 1971–1989. Routledge, Abingdon

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali S (2015) US-China strategic competition: towards a new power equilibrium. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • AmConGen (1967) Rice to Rusk: staffing out Ambassador Sullivan’s China policy suggestions. Hong Kong, 15 Mar 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1955) Allison to Dulles. Tokyo, 6 Jan 1955

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964a) Reischauer to Bundy. Tokyo, 31 July 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964b) Reischauer to Rusk-politico-economic assessment: Japan. Tokyo, 4 Dec 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964c) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 22 July 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964d) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 14 Nov 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964e) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 19 Aug 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964f) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 20 Aug 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964g) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 20 July 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964h) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 27 Feb 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964i) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 28 July 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964j) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 29 Dec 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964k) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 4 Dec 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1964l) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 7 July 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1965a) Emmerson to Rusk. Tokyo, 30 July 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1965b) Reischauer to Bundy. Tokyo, 15 June 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1965c) Reischauer to Bundy. Tokyo, 19 May 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1965d) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 25 Aug 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1965e) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 25 May 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1965f) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 4 Sept 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1965g) Reischauer to Rusk: our relations with Japan. Tokyo, 14 July 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1966a) Emmerson to Rusk. Tokyo, 7 Sept 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1966b) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 11 Aug 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1966c) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 14 June 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1966d) Reischauer to Rusk. Tokyo, 2 July 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1967) Sullivan to Rusk. Vientiane, 10 Mar 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • AmEmbassy (1969) McConaughy to Rogers: possible Italian and Canadian recognition of ChiComs. Taipei, 26 Jan 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • AMTI (2016a) ECS tensions: approaching a slow boil. CSIS, Washington, 14 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • AMTI (2016b) ECS tensions: approaching a slow boil. Washington, June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Annan K (2005) In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all. UNGA, New York, 21 Mar 2005, Paragraphs 169–170

    Google Scholar 

  • AP (2012) Japanese activists land on disputed islands. Guardian, 19 Aug 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianji (2016) Japan’s intervention in SCS perverse, vicious. PD, 16 Aug 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum W (2014) Shinzo Abe’s ‘reinterpretation’ of the Japanese constitution. FP Journal, 15 July 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks S, Wohlforth W (2016) The once and future superpower: why China won’t overtake the United States. Foreign Affairs, May/June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai H (2015) Security bills signal fundamental shift in defense policy. CD, 20 July 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter A (2016a) Asia-Pacific’s principled security network. DoD/IISS, Singapore, 4 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter A (2016b) Readout of meeting with Japanese Minister of Defense Tomomi Inada. DoD, Washington, 15 Sept 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter A (2016c) Remarks at the Commonwealth Club. DoD, San Francisco, 1 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • CCTV-1 (2013) Premier Li Keqiang’s live news conference. Beijing, 17 Mar 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlett-Avery E, Rinehart I (2016) The US military presence in Okinawa and the Futenma base controversy. CRS, Washington, Jan 2016, p i

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Ye J, Xu X, Nie R (1969) A preliminary evaluation of the war situation. State Council, Beijing, 11 July 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • ChinaMil (2016) Japan apt to become ‘trouble maker’ in SCS. Beijing, 26 Sept 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • CIA (1965) SNIE 41-65. Langley, 26 Nov 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • CINC Far East (1955) Hull to Department of Army: CINCFE views regarding US policy towards Japan. Tokyo, 7 Jan 1955

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinton W (2000) A national security strategy for a new century. White House, Washington, 5 Jan 2000, Preface

    Google Scholar 

  • CNN (2017) 2011 Japan earthquake – tsunami fast facts, 5 March 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen J, Dutton P (2016) Japan’s important sideshow to arbitration decision in the SCS. EAF, 16 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • CTF70 Public Affairs (2016) Two CSGs double down in Western Pacific. Philippine Sea, 17 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng X (1979) Interview. Time, 5 Feb 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Treasury (1964) Dillon to Rusk. Washington, 22 Jan 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoD (1964a) McNamara to Johnson. Washington, 24 Oct 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoD (1964b) McNamara to Rusk. Washington, 22 Jan 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoD (2015a) MSDPRC. Washington, 7 Apr 2015, pp i–ii

    Google Scholar 

  • DoD (2015b) The Asia-Pacific maritime security strategy. Washington, 27 July 2015, p 5

    Google Scholar 

  • DoD (2016) MSDPRC. Washington, 26 Apr 2016, p i

    Google Scholar 

  • DoD (2017) Joint press briefing by Secretary Mattis and Minister Inada. Tokyo, 4 Feb 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • DoD/MoD (2015) Guidelines for US-Japan defense cooperation. Washington/Tokyo, 27 Apr 2015, pp 4–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong Z (2016) China Air Force conducts West Pacific drill, patrols ADIZ. Xinhua, Nanjing, 25 Sept 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1955) Dulles to Allison: guidelines. Washington, 10 Jan 1955

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1964a) Bundy to Ball: frictions in US-Japan relations. Washington, 9 Nov 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1964b) MemCon: US policy toward the Ryukyu Islands. Washington, 4 June 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1964c) Rusk to Johnson: Japanese aviation negotiations. Washington, 25 July 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1964d) Rusk to Reischauer. Washington, 4 Mar 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1964e) The future of Japan. Washington, 26 June 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1965a) Ball to McNamara. Washington, 31 July 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1965b) Bundy to Rusk: The Sato visit; proposed cabinet-level meeting on economic problems. Washington, 6 Jan 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1965c) Bundy to Thompson: Japanese defense policy. Washington, 20 Aug 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1965d) Rusk to Johnson. Washington, 13 Jan 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1965e) Rusk to McNamara. Washington, 25 Sept 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1966a) MemCon: Okinawa and Bonin Islands. Kyoto, 7 July 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1966b) MemCon: US-Japan Security Treaty. Tokyo, 7 July 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1967a) Bundy to Rusk: Ryukyus and Bonins. Washington, 7 Aug 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (1967b) Rusk to McConaughy. Washington, 16 Mar 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • DoS (2006) FRUS, 1964–1968, vol XXIX, Part 2, Document 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Dossani R, Harold S (eds) (2016) Maritime issues in the East and SCS. RAND, Santa Monica, pp 4–7, 36–37, 61–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Drifte R (2014) The Japan-China confrontation over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands – between ‘shelving’ and ‘dispute escalation’. Asia-Pac J 12(30):3, 28 July 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Editorial (2016) China must counter Japan in SCS. GT, 17 Sept 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Fackler M, Sanger D (2014) Japan announces a military shift towards China. NYT, 1 July 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick M (2016) Asia’s latent nuclear powers. IISS/Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Funabashi Y (2015) Japan’s quiet deterrence. JT, 17 Dec 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Funabashi Y (2016) A coast guard-maintained peace in the ECS. JT, 19 Apr 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Gady F (2016) Japan’s fighter jets intercepted Chinese aircraft 571 Times in 2015. Diplomat, 26 Apr 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Garamone J (2015) Dunford: US engagement in Pacific ‘unprecedented’. DoD News, Tokyo, 4 Nov 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaskill W (2016) USS Germantown completes Blue Chromite ‘16. Marines News, Okinawa, 31 Oct 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein L (2016) China’s ‘Undersea Great Wall’. NI, 16 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Grevatt J (2016) Japan confirms missile development plans. JDW, 22 Aug 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddick R (2014) America has no answer to China’s salami-slicing. WotR, 6 Feb 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Harold S (2016) President Obama’s visit to Japan and the transformation of Japan’s defense policy. RAND, Santa Monica, 31 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris H (2016) Raisina dialogue remarks: let’s be ambitious together. PACOM, New Delhi, 2 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatoyama Y (2009a) Press conference. PMO, Tokyo, 16 Sept 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatoyama Y (2009b) The future of Asia. PMO/Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Tokyo, 20 May 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatoyama Y (2010a) Press conference. PMO, Tokyo, 28 May 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatoyama Y (2010b) Statement on the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security. Tokyo, 19 Jan 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirobumi CI et al (1895) Treaty of Peace. Shimonoseki, 17 Apr 1895, Article 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong L (2016) China urges Japan to promote regional peace and stability. Xinhua, Beijing, 23 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Huaxia (2016) China firmly opposes Japan’s defense white paper. Xinhua, Beijing, 2 Aug

    Google Scholar 

  • ICG (2016) ECS: preventing clashes from becoming crises. Beijing/Tokyo/Brussels, 30 June 2016, pp 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Inada T (2016) The evolving Japan-US alliance. MoD/CSIS, Washington, 15 Sept 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • JCS (1965a) Manhart to McNamara: DoD policy on the Japanese defense effort. Washington, 8 July 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • JCS (1965b) McConnell to McNamara: future of the Ryukyu Islands. Washington, 23 Dec 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • JCS (1967) Wheeler to McNamara: future use of Ryukyuan bases. Washington, 20 July 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • JETRO (2015) Japan’s outward FDI by country/region; Japan’s inward FDI by country/region. Tokyo, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • JiJi (2016) JCG inaugurates special Senkaku patrol unit. JT, 7 Apr 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson J (2016) China warns Japan against ‘playing with fire’ in SCS. JT, 30 Sept 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan N (2011a) Japanese diplomacy at a historic watershed. PMO, Tokyo, 20 Jan 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan N (2011b) Message regarding assistance received from overseas. PMO, Tokyo, 22 March 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan N (2011c) Press conference. PMO, 13 July 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan N (2011d) Press conference. PMO, 26 Aug 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan N (2011e) Press conference. PMO, Tokyo, 1 Apr 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan N (2011f) Press conference. PMO, Tokyo, 27 June 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko K (2016) Japan urges China not to escalate ECS tension. Reuters, Tokyo, 8 Aug 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Keidanren (2001) Japan-China relations in the 21st century. Japan Federation of Economic Organizations, Tokyo, 20 Feb 2001, Ch 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly T (2016) Japan protests after Chinese warship sails near disputed ECS islands. Reuters, Tokyo, 9 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerry J (2013) Statement on the ECS ADIZ. DoS, Washington, 23 Nov 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokuban R, Yamaguchi N (2013) Interview. Tokyo, June 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremlin (1968) Kosygin to Johnson. Moscow, 20 Aug 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyodo (2016) Japan deploys ground force unit near islets disputed by China. Tokyo, 29 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Larter D (2016) The US just sent a CSG to confront China. Navy Times, 3 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind J (2014) China’s growing assertiveness transforms Japan’s security policy. EAF, 19 July 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu W (2016) Japan defense budget-hike reflects Abe’s desire to confront China. GT, 23 Dec 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Manyin M (2013) Senkaku (Diaoyu/Diaoyutai) Islands dispute: US Treaty obligations. CRS, Washington, 22 Jan

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason J, Spetalnick M (2016) US, Japan, South Korea warn North Korea over ‘provocations’. Reuters, Washington, 1 Apr 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura M (2001) The G.W. Bush administration and N-E Asian security. CAS, Shanghai, 3 Mar 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • McCurry J (2012) Tokyo’s rightwing governor plans to buy disputed Senkaku Islands. Guardian, 19 Apr 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • McCurry J (2015) New generation of Japanese anti-war protesters challenge Abe. Guardian, 16 Sept 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Miglani S (2016) US plans naval exercise with India and Japan in Philippine Sea. Reuters, New Delhi, 3 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles T, Nebehay S (2016) China blasts US ‘rape and murder’ at UNHRC. Reuters, Geneva, 10 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirski S (2014) Japan’s constitutional reinterpretation: a tug of war between strategy and memory. NI, 21 Nov 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2012) Defense of Japan. Tokyo, 2012, Part I, Section 3

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2013) National security strategy. Tokyo, 17 Dec 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2015a) China’s activities in the SCS. Tokyo, 22 Dec 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2015b) Defense of Japan. Tokyo, 2015, Part I, Section 1

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2016a) Defense of Japan. Tokyo, 2015, Part I, Section 1

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2016b) Defense of Japan. Tokyo, 2015, Part I, Section 2

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2016c) Defense of Japan. Tokyo, Ch 1, Section 3

    Google Scholar 

  • MoD (2016d) Guideline for Japan-US defense cooperation. Tokyo, 27 Apr 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (1972) Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the PRC. Beijing, 29 Sept 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2008) Japan-China joint press statement: cooperation between Japan and China in the ECS. Tokyo, 18 June 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2009) Japan-US summit meeting. Tokyo, 13 Nov 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2012a) Fact sheet on the Senkaku Islands. Tokyo, November, Section 4

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2012b) Fact sheet on the Senkaku Islands. Tokyo, November, Section 1

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2012c) Japan-China relations surrounding the situation of the Senkaku Islands. Tokyo, November

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2013) Japanese Territory: Senkaku Islands. Tokyo, 5 June 2013, Q&A 1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2016a) Overview of ODA to China. Tokyo, 1 Feb 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFA (2016b) Status of activities by Chinese government vessels and Chinese fishing vessels in waters surrounding the Senkaku Islands. Tokyo, 16 Aug 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery E (2016) Extended deterrence in the second Nuclear Age. CSBA, Washington, 2016, pp 24–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Moriyasu K (2016) US to counter China uncertainty with combined Pacific Fleet. Nikkei, Tokyo, 14 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Murooka T (ed) (2016) China security report: the expanding scope of PLA activities and the PLA strategy. NIDS, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • NARA (1969) White House Special Files, President’s Office Files, Box 1, President’s Handwriting File, Jan 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • NDU (1988) Research materials on the great cultural revolution, vol 2. NDU Press, Beijing, p 517

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon R (1967) Asia after Vietnam. Foreign Aff 46(1):111–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon R (1969a) Inaugural Address. White House, Washington, 20 January 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon R (1969b) Informal remarks with newsmen. White House, Guam, 25 July 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • Noda Y (2011a) Address at the 66th session of the UNGA. PMO, New York, 23 Sept 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Noda Y (2011b) Policy Speech to the 178th session of the diet. PMO, Tokyo, 13 Sept 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Noda Y (2012) Address at the 67th session of the UNGA. PMO, New York, 26 Sept 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1964a) Smith to Johnson. Washington, 28 Jan 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1964b) Thomson to Bundy: Okinawa. Washington, 21 Aug 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1964c) Thomson to Komer. Washington, 29 Oct 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1965a) Bundy to Johnson: your meeting with Sato. Washington, 11 Jan 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1965b) Thomson to Johnson: your meeting with Prime Minister Sato. Washington, 11 Jan 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1966) Bundy to Johnson: future of Okinawa. New York, 23 May 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1967a) Jenkins to Rostow: the next Chinese Dynasty and US policy. Washington, 6 Mar 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1967b) Rostow to Johnson. Washington, 1 Mar 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1968a) Notes of emergency meeting. Washington, 20 Aug 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1968b) Rostow to Johnson. Washington, 20 Aug 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1969a) Nixon to Kissinger. Washington, 1 Feb 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1969b) NSSM-14: US China policy. Washington, 5 Feb 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • NSC (1969c) Sneider to Kissinger: rapprochement with the Chinese. Washington, 6 Feb 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye J (1995) Leadership and alliances: American strategy in East Asia. DoD, New York, 11 May 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Obama B (2015) National security strategy. White House, Washington, Feb 2015, pp i–ii

    Google Scholar 

  • Obama B (2016) Remarks at the USS Arizona Memorial with Prime Minister Abe of Japan. White House, Pearl Harbour, 27 Dec 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen H (1966) Japanese attitude on non-proliferation. DoS, Washington, 12 July 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • Park S (2010) The ECS dispute: short-term victory and long-term loss for China? CFR, New York, 1 Nov 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlez J (2014) China’s new type of ties fails to sway Obama. NYT, 9 Nov 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson A (2009a) Sino-Japanese cooperation in the ECS: a lasting arrangement. Cornell Int Law J 42(3):442

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson A (2009b) Sino-Japanese cooperation in the ECS: a lasting arrangement. Cornell Int Law J 42(3):443

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilger M (2016) ADIZ update: enforcement in the ECS, prospects for the SCS, and implications for the US. USCC, Washington, 2 Mar 2016, pp 5–6

    Google Scholar 

  • PMO (2009) Joint press conference by Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and President Barack Obama. Tokyo, 13 Nov 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • PMO (2010a) Address by Prime Minister Naoto Kan at the meeting of the UNSC. New York, 23 Sept 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • PMO (2010b) Joint press conference by Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama, Premier Wen Jiabao and President Lee Myung-bak following the third Japan-China-RoK trilateral summit meeting. Jeju, 30 May 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • PMO (2010c) Press conference by Prime Minister Naoto Kan. Tokyo, 8 June 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • PMO (2011) Summit declaration. Tokyo, 22 May 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • PTI (2015) India and Japan sign key defence agreements. New Delhi, 12 December 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Putin V, Abe S (2016) Statements for the press and answers to journalists’ questions following Russian-Japanese talks. Kremlin, Tokyo, 16 Dec 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi J (2013) In Q&A session. Shangri-La Dialogue. Singapore, 2 June 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Report (2013) Senkaku/Diaoyu: Shinzo Abe ‘ready to use force’. Asia News, 24 Apr 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Report (2015a) Japan and US enclose Chinese coast within sensor net. Saturday Paper, 18 Apr 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Report (2015b) Wang Yi attends and addresses China-Japan-RoK symposium. Xinhua, Beijing, 22 Oct 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Report (2016) Okinawa suspect allegedly admits to rape of woman before killing her. JT, 21 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Report (2017) Strength of alliance highlights meeting between Mattis, Japan’s Prime Minister. DoD News, Washington, 3 Feb 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters (2016) US dangles large land return as anti-base resentment surges in Okinawa. JT, 19 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds I (2015) Japan considers sending navy to aid US in SCS. Bloomberg, Manila, 20 Nov 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds I (2016) ECS tensions rise over Chinese ships, planes. Bloomberg, Tokyo, 9 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice S (2015) Statement on the RoK-Japan agreement on ‘comfort women’. White House, Washington, 28 Dec 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinehart I, Elias B (2015) China’s ADIZ. CRS, Washington, 30 Jan 2015, p 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusk D (1964) Secretary of State to DoS. New York, 5 Dec 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryall J (2012) Japan agrees to buy disputed Senkaku Islands. Telegraph, 5 Sept 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryosei K (2013) Interview. Tokyo, June 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato H (2004) Japan-US security relations under the Koizumi administration. NIDS, Tokyo, p 65

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw H-Y (2012) The inconvenient truth behind the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. NYT, 19 Sept 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla A (2015) Amidst tension in SCS, US, Japan and India ready for naval exercise Malabar. Business Standard, 12 Oct 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieg L (2015) Japan’s Abe faces growing risk on security shift: opposition leader. Reuters, Tokyo, 7 July 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieg L, Kapoor K (2015) Japan PM Abe meets China’s Xi, says to work for better ties. Reuters, Tokyo/Jakarta, 22 Apr 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Siu P (2016) China slams US drone strikes on ‘innocent civilians’ as UN showdown over missing booksellers escalates into slanging match. SCMP, 11 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Slatter D (2013) Military misbehaving: troubled times for US forces in Asia. Asian Correspondent, 6 Mar 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith W (1964) Memorandum: daily White House staff meeting. Washington, 6 May 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith S (2016) Time for a bolder US-Japan-South Korean trilateral? NI, 6 Apr 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Soble J (2016) At Okinawa protest, thousands call for removal of US bases. NYT, 19 June 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonoda S, Huang H (1978) Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the PRC. Beijing, 12 Aug 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • State Council (2012a) Diaoyu Dao, an inherent territory of China. Beijing, September, Section 1

    Google Scholar 

  • State Council (2012b) Diaoyu Dao, an inherent territory of China. Beijing, September, Foreword

    Google Scholar 

  • State Council (2015) China’s military strategy. Beijing, 26 May 2015, Ch 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Swarts P (2016) As regional tensions grow, Japan will house new US special operations aircraft. AFT, 2 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K (2004) Gas and oil rivalry in the ECS. Asia Times, 27 July 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas A (2008) US marines misbehave on Okinawa. DW, 18 Feb 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang E, Yamaguchi M (2016) Putin, Abe hold talks on Japan-Russia territorial disputes. AP, Nagato, 15 Dec 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts J (2005) Violence flares as the Chinese rage at Japan. Guardian, 17 Apr 2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen J (2009) China disagrees to so-called G2, calling for effort to fight protectionism. Xinhua, Beijing, 18 Nov 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (1965a) Humphrey to Johnson: interim report meetings Prime Minister Sato and President Marcos. Washington, 31 Dec 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (1965b) MemCon: current US-Japanese and world problems. Washington, 12 Jan 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (1965c) MemCon: final Sato conversation with the President. Washington, 13 Jan 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (1968) Summary of meeting: Johnson, Rostow, Dobrynin. Washington, 20 Aug 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (1971) Memorandum for the President’s files: meeting between President, Dr Kissinger and General Haig. Washington, 1 July 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2002a) The President’s news conference with Prime Minister Koizumi. Tokyo, 18 Feb 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2002b) The President’s remarks to the diet. Tokyo, 19 Feb 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2014) Joint press conference with President Obama and Prime Minister Abe. Tokyo, 24 Apr 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2015a) Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Abe of Japan at arrival ceremony. Washington, 28 Apr 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2015b) Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Abe in joint press conference. Washington, 28 Apr 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2016a) Press conference by President Obama. Washington, 1 Apr 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2016b) Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Abe after Bilateral Meeting. Ise-Shima, 25 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2016c) Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Abe of Japan. Hiroshima, 27 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2016d) Remarks by President Obama in press availability. Ise-Shima, 26 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2016e) Remarks by President Obama to US and Japanese Forces. Iwakuni, 27 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • White House (2017) Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Abe of Japan in joint press conference. Washington, 10 Feb 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q (2016) Press conference. MND, Beijing, 27 Oct 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Xi J (2015) Interview. WSJ, 22 Sept 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua (2015a) China urges US, Japan not to flex muscles on SCS. PD, 26 Nov 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua (2015b) Nation on alert for Japanese moves in SCS. GT, 21 Nov 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua (2016) China makes requirements on improving China-Japan ties. Beijing, 1 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua (2017) China urges US to stop making wrong remarks on Diaoyu Islands. Beijing, 4 Feb 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan C (2016) China, Japan must avoid slide into Cold War. GT, 29 Sept 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y (2016a) Japan plans to ‘go on offense’ with 300km-range missiles. GT, 15 Aug 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang T (2016b) Defence Ministry urges Japan to stop provocations in ECS. ChinaMil, Beijing, 4 July 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang T (2016c) PLAAF more open and confident. ChinaMil, Beijing, 23 Sept 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang T (2017) China revises textbooks on length of war of resistance against Japanese aggression. PD, 10 Jan 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao B (2016) Japan’s controversial security legislation to bring only insecurity to the world. Xinhua, Beijing, 22 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    S. Mahmud Ali

Authors
  1. S. Mahmud Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ali, S.M. (2017). China-Japan-US Hyper-Triumvirate. In: US-Chinese Strategic Triangles. Global Power Shift. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57747-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation