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Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2

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Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management

Abstract

Grapevine leafroll -associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was recognized in 1984, but its nomenclature was settled only in 1995. It is one of the five viruses involved in grapevine leafroll disease. It is also associated with graft incompatibility disorders. Because of peculiar genome structure and evolutionary history, GLRaV-2 belongs to the genus Closterovirus in the family Closteroviridae. The GLRaV-2 genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA of ca. 16,500 nucleotides that is presumably capped at the 5′ terminus but lacks a poly(A) tail at the 3′ end. The nine ORFs encoded by GLRaV-2 comprise three functional modules, including the replication module, the quintuple gene block module, and the module for RNA silencing suppressors. The translation product of ORF1a lacks an AlkB domain, unlike all members of the genus Ampelovirus that infect the grapevine. The genetic diversity of GLRaV-2 is very high, with six lineages that are characterized by up to 25% nucleotide divergence and different biological behavior on plant hosts. All Vitis vinifera, rootstocks, and interspecific hybrids are susceptible to GLRaV-2. The identification of GLRaV-2 in wild Vitis spp. native to the American continent supports the hypothesis that the virus originated from North America. The virus is restricted to the phloem tissue, and infected cells are characterized by a massive presence of membranous vesicles that are typical of infection by members of the genus Closterovirus. No arthropod vector is known for GLRaV-2, but the virus is graft transmissible and mechanically transmissible to some herbaceous hosts, unlike other GLRaVs. Management of GLRaV-2 is through the use of virus-tested, clean propagation materials. The recent development of infectious GLRaV-2 clones sets the foundation for studies on gene function, virus replication, pathological properties, as well as virus-host interactions.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all researchers who have made contributions to the different aspects of research on GLRaV-2. Without their continued efforts and excellent contributions, this chapter would not have been possible. The research conducted in the Meng laboratory is funded by the Discovery grant program and the Engage grant program of Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the OMAFRA-UoG Strategic Partnerships program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CREA Center for Research in Viticulture, Viale XXVIII Aprile 26, Conegliano, TV, Italy

    E. Angelini

  2. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA

    N. Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic

  3. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 2082, USA

    V. V. Dolja

  4. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

    B. Meng

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  1. E. Angelini
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  2. N. Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic
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  3. V. V. Dolja
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  4. B. Meng
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Angelini .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

    Baozhong Meng

  2. Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

    Giovanni P. Martelli

  3. Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis, California, USA

    Deborah A. Golino

  4. Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA

    Marc Fuchs

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Angelini, E., Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic, N., Dolja, V.V., Meng, B. (2017). Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 . In: Meng, B., Martelli, G., Golino, D., Fuchs, M. (eds) Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57706-7_7

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