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Anthropology and the Study of Social Movements

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Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

After introducing the various ways in which anthropology may contribute to the study of social movements, the various ways in which culture becomes manifest in social movement’s actions and briefly introducing the structure of the chapter and the main features of the discipline of anthropology in Sections “Introduction” and “Structure of the Essay”, the next Section discusses some historical examples of bringing in the cultural dimensions in social movements research. The Section “Anthropology: Introducing a Discipline” focuses on the ways in which the structure-agency duality was discussed in studies of social movements. The ways in which cultural features may emerge as assets, constraints and learning instances in social movement manifestations is addressed in Section “Culture’s Manifold Presence in Social Movements’ Emergence and Actions”. Section “The Distinct ‘Temporalities’ of Culture and Protest Actions” discusses ethnography as method in social movement studies. The chapter ends with reflection on themes for future research. Throughout the chapter, theoretical and conceptual explorations are mixed with concrete examples and illustrations.

Willem Assies died unexpectedly in May 2010. I dedicate this revised and updated version of our original text to our prolific collaboration and to him, colleague and friend—Ton Salman.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language”, Raymond Williams noted in his book Keywords (1976).

  2. 2.

    On this transformation, though from a non-Marxist perspective, see also Tarrow (1994, 32), who refers to the work of Charles Tilly.

  3. 3.

    Social movements, according to Touraine, are defined by three principles: identity, adversary and control of a cultural/societal model, see also Zapata (2006).

  4. 4.

    Mainwaring and Viola (1984) themselves pointed out that the base communities and the neighborhood movements were furthest from their “ideal type,” but that these were also the most “popular.”

  5. 5.

    A case in point is the criminalization of Mapuche protests against forest plantations that encroach upon their lands in Chile and which the Chilean state inappropriately classifies as “terrorism” under legislation stemming from the Pinochet dictatorship, as has also been denounced by UN Special Rapporteur on indigenous issues Rodolfo Stavenhagen.

  6. 6.

    Even if Castells’ (1997) distinction between proactive and reactive movements resounds with Habermas’ (1989) argument, which is clearly rooted in Enlightenment thinking and sees the feminist movement as the sole remaining carrier of the Enlightenment emancipation project of expanding rational communicative interaction in the face of the colonization of the life-world by power and money as means of exchange.

  7. 7.

    Declaración de la selva lacandona, January 1, 1994. Translation by John Womack Jr. (1999, 248).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Ton Salman & Willem Assies

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  1. Ton Salman
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  2. Willem Assies
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Correspondence to Ton Salman .

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  1. Department of Political Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Conny Roggeband

  2. Department of Sociology, VU-University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Bert Klandermans

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Salman, T., Assies, W. (2017). Anthropology and the Study of Social Movements. In: Roggeband, C., Klandermans, B. (eds) Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57648-0_4

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