Abstract
This chapter contains detailed description of specific radiopharmaceuticals commonly used in nuclear medicine. All US FDA-approved iodinated, 99mTc-labeled products and 111In-labeled products are included with their methods of preparation, conditions of labeling, stability, and radiochemical yield. Separation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets and their labeling with 99mTc and 111In are given in detail. The method of monoclonal antibody production and their labeling with iodine isotopes, 111In, 99mTc, and 90Y, are described. Labeled therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are separately highlighted. All US FDA-approved PET radiopharmaceuticals and their production methods are presented. Also, a section is devoted to non-US FDA-approved PET radiopharmaceuticals with their production techniques and related conditions. A set of appropriate questions and references related to the subject matter of the chapter are included at the end of the chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References and Suggested Reading
Abrams MJ, Davison A, Jones AG, et al. Synthesis and characterization of hexakis (alkyl isocyanide) and hexakis (aryl isocyanide) complexes of technetium (I). Inorg Chem. 1983;22:2798.
Breeman WA, de Jong M, de Blois E, et al. Radiolabeling DOTA- peptides with 68Ga. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:478.
Callahan RJ, Froelich JW, McKusick KA, et al. A modified method for the in vivo labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m: concise communication. J Nucl Med. 1982;23:315.
Dewanjee MK. The chemistry of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Semin Nucl Med. 1990;20:5.
Eckelman WC, Stiegman J, Paik CH. Radiopharmaceutical chemistry. In: Harpert J, Eckelman WC, Neumann RD, editors. Nuclear medicine: diagnosis and therapy. New York: Thieme Medical; 1996. p. 217.
Edwards DS, Cheeseman EH, Watson MW, et al. Synthesis and characterization of technetium and rhenium complexes of N, N′-1, 2-diethylenediylbis-l-cysteine. Neurolites and its metabolites. In: Nicolini M, Bandoli G, Mazzi U, editors. Technetium and rhenium in chemistry and nuclear medicine. Verona: Cortina International; 1990. p. 433.
Fritzberg AR, Kasina S, Eshima D, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of technetium-99m MAG3 as hippuran replacement. J Nucl Med. 1986;27:11.
Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stocklin G. Efficient stereospecific synthesis of NCA 2-[218F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. J Nucl Med. 1986;27:235.
Hara T, Noboru N, Shinoura N, Kondo T. PET imaging of brain tumor with [methyl- 11C]-choline. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:842.
Hnatowich DJ. Recent developments in the radiolabeling of antibodies with iodine, indium and technetium. Semin Nucl Med. 1990;20:80.
International Atomic Energy Agency. Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes. IAEA-TECDOC-1340; 2003.
Kelly JD, Forster AM, Higley B, et al. Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin as a new radiopharmaceutical for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:222.
Köhler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975;256:495.
Leung K. 2-tert-Butyl-4-chloro-5-[4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxymethyl)-benzyloxy]-2H–pyridazin-3-one. 2007 Dec 15 [Updated 2012 Jan 24]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004–2013. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23517/
Loberg MD, Cooper M, Harvey E, et al. Development of new radiopharmaceuticals based on N-substitution of iminodiacetic acid. J Nucl Med. 1976;17:633.
Luxen A, Bida GT, Phelps ME, et al. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure d and l 6-[F-18] fluorodopa and in vivo metabolites via regioselective fluorodemercuration. J Nucl Med. 1987;28:624.
Machulla HJ, Blocher A, Kuntzsch M, et al. Simplified labeling approach for synthesizing 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F] fluorothymidine ([18F] FLT). J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2000;243:843.
Meyer GJ, Ostercholz A, Hundeshagen H. 15O-water constant infusion system for clinical routine application. J Label Compd Radiopharm. 1986;23:1209.
Nelissen N, Van Laere K, Thurfjell L, et al. Phase I study of the Pittsburgh compound B derivative 18F-flutemetamol in healthy volunteers and patients with probable Alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1251.
Peters AM, Danpure HJ, Osman S, et al. Clinical experience with 99mTc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime for labeling leukocytes and imaging inflammation. Lancet. 1986;2:946.
Pimlott SL, Sutherland A. Molecular tracers for the PET and SPECT imaging of disease. Chem Soc Rev. 2011;40:149.
Sodd VJ, Allen DR, Hoagland DR, et al., editors. Radiopharmaceuticals II. New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1979.
Shoup TM, Olson J, Hoffman JM, et al. Syntheisis and evaluation of [18F]1-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid to image brain tumors. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:331.
Stöcklin G, Pike VW, editors. Radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. Dordrecht: Kluwer; 1993.
ten Berge RJM, Natarajan AT, Hardenman MR, et al. Labeling with indium-111 has detrimental effects on human lymphocytes. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:615.
Thakur ML, Coleman RE, Welch MJ. Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the localization of abscesses: preparation, analysis, tissue distribution and comparison with gallium-67 citrate in dogs. J Lab Clin Med. 1977;82:217.
Troutner DR, Volkert WA, Hoffman TJ, et al. A neutral lipophilic complex of Tc-99m with a multidentate amine oxime. Int J Appl Radiat Isot. 1984;35:467.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. U.S. pharmacopeia 39 & National Formulary 34. United States Pharmacopeial Convention: Rockville; 2009.
Velikyan I. 68Ga-based radiopharmaceuticals: production and application relationship. Molecules. 2015;20:12913.
Wang H, Guo X, Jiang S and Tang S. Automated synthesis of [18F] Florbetaben as Alzheimer’s disease imaging agent based on a synthesis module system. Appl Radiat Isot. 2013;71:41.
Weiland D, Bida G, Pagett H, et al. In-target preparation of [13N] ammonia via proton irradiation of dilute aqueous ethanol and acetic acid mixtures. Appl Radiat Isot. 1991;42:1095.
Welch MJ, editor. Radiopharmaceuticals and other compounds labelled with short-lived radionuclides. New York: Pergamon Press; 1977.
Welch MJ, Redvanly CS, editors. Handbook of radiopharmaceuticals. Radiochemistry and applications. Hoboken: Wiley; 2003.
Yao CH, Lin KJ, Weng CC, et al. GMP-compliant automated synthesis of [18F]AV-45 (Florbetapir F-18) for imaging β-amyloid plaques in human brain. Appl Radiat Isot. 2010;68:2293.
Zolle I, editor. Technetium-99m pharmaceuticals: preparation and quality control in nuclear medicine. New York: Springer; 2007.
Zuckier LS, Rodriguez LD, Scharff MD. Immunologic and pharmacologic concepts of monoclonal antibodies. Semin Nucl Med. 1990;20:166.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saha, G.B. (2018). Characteristics of Specific Radiopharmaceuticals. In: Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57580-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57580-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57579-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57580-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)