Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon-γ Release Assays in the Diagnosis of Ocular Tuberculosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Ocular Tuberculosis

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

  • 568 Accesses

Abstract

The diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis (TB) is complex as it can manifest as almost any type of extra- or intraocular inflammation. It commonly presents as tuberculous uveitis, a paucibacillary disease in which investigations required for the definitive diagnosis such as mycobacterial cultures and acid-fast bacilli smears are of low sensitivity. The diagnosis of “presumed” tuberculous uveitis is often made in patients with the at-risk epidemiological background and suggestive clinical features in the presence of a positive tuberculin skin test (TST), positive interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), radiological evidence of pulmonary TB, and/or evidence of associated extrapulmonary TB infections in the absence of any other underlying disease. Due to the nonspecific nature of the mycobacterial antigens, the TST may have false-positive responses in individuals infected with nontuberculous mycobacterium or vaccinated with bacillus Calmette–Guérin. The IGRAs provide greater specificity for M. tuberculosis. However, both the TST and IGRAs cannot distinguish between latent TB infection, active TB, and previous TB and may be less useful in pediatric and elderly patients. IGRAs should not be used as a screening test or first-line investigation in tuberculous uveitis but are a useful adjunct for diagnosis. There is currently no clear consensus on the appropriate clinical approach, choice of investigation(s), or the most cost-effective testing algorithm. The choice of first-line investigation depends on endemicity of TB and cost-effectiveness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Health Organisation: Global Tuberculosis Report (2015). 20th edition edn. World Health Organisation, France.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Samson MC, Foster CS. Tuberculosis. In: Foster CS, Vitale AT, editors. Diagnosis and treatment of uveitis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2002. p. 264–72.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kurup SK, Buggage RR, Clarke GL, Ursea R, Lim WK, Nussenblatt RB. Gamma interferon assay as an alternative to PPD skin testing in selected patients with granulomatous intraocular inflammatory disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2006;41(6):737–40. doi:10.3129/i06-068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kurup SK, Chan CC. Mycobacterium-related ocular inflammatory disease: diagnosis and management. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2006;35(3):203–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tabbara KF. Ocular tuberculosis: anterior segment. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005;45(2):57–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Varma D, Anand S, Reddy AR, Das A, Watson JP, Currie DC, Sutcliffe I, Backhouse OC. Tuberculosis: an under-diagnosed aetiological agent in uveitis with an effective treatment. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(9):1068–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chuka-Okosa CM. Tuberculosis and the eye. Niger J Clin Pract. 2006;9(1):68–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mehta S. Ocular lesions in acute disseminated tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2004;12:4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sahu GN, Mishra N, Bhutia RC, Mohanty AB. Manifestations in ocular tuberculosis. Ind J Tub. 1998;45:153–4.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gupta V, Gupta A, Rao NA. Intraocular tuberculosis--an update. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52(6):561–87. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gupta V, Shoughy SS, Mahajan S, Khairallah M, Rosenbaum JT, Curi A, Tabbara KF. Clinics of ocular tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(1):14–24. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.986582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sheu SJ, Shyu JS, Chen LM, Chen YY, Chirn SC, Wang JS. Ocular manifestations of tuberculosis. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(9):1580–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bramante CT, Talbot EA, Rathinam SR, Stevens R, Zegans ME. Diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis: a role for new testing modalities? Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2007;47(3):45–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Helm C, Holland GN. Ocular tuberculosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;38(3):229–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Babu RB, Sudharshan S, Kumarasamy N, Therese L, Biswas J. Ocular tuberculosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(3):413–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Demirci H, Shields CL, Shields JA, Eagle RCJ. Ocular tuberculosis masquerading as ocular tumours. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49(1):78–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gupta A, Gupta V. Tubercular posterior uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005;2005(45):2.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Massaro D, Katz S, Sachs M. Choroidal tubercles: a clue to hematogenous tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med. 1964;60:231–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sarvananthan N, Wiselka M, Bibby K. Intraocular tuberculosis without detectable systemic infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116(10):1386–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Thompson MJ, Albert DM. Ocular tuberculosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(6):844–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cimino L, Herbort CP, Aldigeri R, Salvarani C, Boiardi L. Tuberculous uveitis, a resurgent and underdiagnosed disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2009;29(2):67–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Alvarez GG, Roth VR, Hodge W. Ocular tuberculosis: diagnostic and treatment challenges. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(4):432–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ang M, Wong WL, Li X, Chee SP. Interferon gamma release assay for the diagnosis of uveitis associated with tuberculosis: a Bayesian evaluation in the absence of a gold standard. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(8):1062–7. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ortega-Larrocea G, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Ponce-de-León A, Sifuentes-Osornio J. Nested polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA detection in aqueous and vitreous of patients with uveitis. Arch Med Res. 2003;34(2):116–9. doi:10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00467-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Tabbara KF. Tuberculosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18(6):493–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ang M, Cheung G, Vania M, Chen J, Yang H, Li J, Chee SP. Aqueous cytokine and chemokine analysis in uveitis associated with tuberculosis. Mol Vis. 2012;18:565–73.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Morimura Y, Okada AA, Kawahara S, Miyamoto Y, Kawai S, Hirakata A, Hida T. Tuberculin skin testing in uveitis patients and treatment of presumed intraocular tuberculosis in Japan. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(5):851–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gupta A, Bansal R, Gupta V, Sharma A, Bambery P. Ocular signs predictive of tubercular uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(4):562–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.11.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Jeong YJ, Lee KS. Pulmonary tuberculosis: up-to-date imaging and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191(3):834–44. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3896.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dvorak-Theobald G. Acute tuberculous endophthalmitis; report of a case. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958;45(3):403–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ni C, Papale JJ, Robinson NL, Wu BF. Uveal tuberculosis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1982;22(3):103–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Smith I. Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and molecular determinants of virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(3):463–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Joshi R, Patil S, Kalantri S, Schwartzman K, Menzies D, Pai M. Prevalence of abnormal radiological findings in health care workers with latent tuberculosis infection and correlations with T cell immune response. PLoS One. 2007;2(8):805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sanghvi C, Bell C, Woodhead M, Hardy C, Jones N. Presumed tuberculous uveitis: diagnosis, management, and outcome. Eye (Lond). 2011;25(4):475–80. doi:10.1038/eye.2010.235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ang M, Hedayatfar A, Wong W, Chee SP. Duration of anti-tubercular therapy in uveitis associated with latent tuberculosis: a case-control study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(3):332–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000;49(RR-6):1–51.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Huebner RE, Schein MF, Bass Jr JB. The tuberculin skin test. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17(6):968–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Chee CB, Soh CH, Boudville IC, Chor SS, Wang YT. Interpretation of the tuberculin skin test in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated Singaporean schoolchildren. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(6):958–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Al Zahrani K, Al Jahdail H, Menzies D. Does size matter? Utility of size of tuberculin reactions for the diagnosis of mycobacterial disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1419–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Society AT. The tuberculin skin test statement of American Thoracic Society, Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;124:356–63.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Woods AC, Burky EL, Friedenwald JS. Experimental studies of ocular tuberculosis. Relation of cutaneous sensitivity to ocular sensitivity in the normal rabbit infected by injection of tubercle bacilli into the anterior chamber. Arch Ophthalmol. 1938;19(2):245–50. doi:10.1001/archopht.1938.00850140087010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculous infection in high-risk populations. Recommendations of the advisory council for the elimination of tuberculosis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1995;44(RR-11):19–34.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rao NA, Saraswathy S, Smith RE. Tuberculous uveitis: distribution of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the retinal pigment epithelium. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(12):1777–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rosenbaum JT, Wernick R. The utility of routine screening of patients with uveitis for systemic lupus erythematosus or tuberculosis: a Bayesian analysis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108(9):1291–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Leung CC, Yam WC, Yew WW, Ho PL, Tam CM, Law WS, Au KF, Tsui PW. T-Spot.TB outperforms tuberculin skin test in predicting tuberculosis disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(6):834–40. doi:10.1164/rccm.200912-1875OC.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rowland K, Guthmann R, Jamieson B, Malloy D. Clinical inquiries. How should we manage a patient with positive PPD and prior BCG vaccination? J Fam Pract. 2006;55(8):718–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening for tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations recommendations of the advisory council for the elimination of tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995;11:18–34.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Tsiouri G, Gaitanis G, Kiorpelidou D, Dionysiou A, Efthymiou A, Daskalopoulos G, Constantopoulos S, Bassukas ID. Tuberculin skin test overestimates tuberculosis hypersensitivity in adult patients with psoriasis. Dermatology. 2009;219(2):119–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Al-Shakarchi F. Mode of presentations and management of presumed tuberculous uveitis at a referral center. Iraqi Postgrad Med J. 2015;14(1):91–5.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Lalvani A, Pareek M. A 100 year update on diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. Br Med Bull. 2010;93:69–84. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldp039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lalvani A, Pareek M. Interferon gamma release assays: principles and practice. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2010;28(4):245–52. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2009.05.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Geiter L. Ending neglect: the elimination of tuberculosis in the United States. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Holden M, Dubin MR, Diamond PH. Frequency of negative intermediate strength tuberculin sensitivity in patients with active tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(27):1506–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Nash DR, Douglass JE. Anergy in active pulmonary tuberculosis: a comparison between positive and negative reactors and an evaluation of 5 TU and 250 TU skin test doses. Chest. 1980;77(1):32–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wroblewski KJ, Hidayat AA, Neafie RC, Rao NA, Zapor M. Ocular tuberculosis: a clinicopathologic and molecular study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):772–7. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ang M, Htoon HM, Chee SP. Diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis: clinical application of an interferon-gamma release assay. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(7):1391–6. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.02.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ang M, Wong W, Ngan CC, Chee SP. Interferon-gamma release assay as a diagnostic test for tuberculosis-associated uveitis. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(5):658–65. doi:10.1038/eye.2012.1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dillon DC, Alderson MR, Day CH, Bement T, Campos-Neto A, Skeiky YA, Vedvick T, Badaro R, Reed SG, Houghton R. Molecular and immunological characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CFP-10, an immunodiagnostic antigen missing in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(9):3285–90.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Harboe M, Oettinger T, Wiker HG, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P. Evidence for occurrence of the ESAT-6 protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and virulent Mycobacterium bovis and for its absence in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun. 1996;1996(64):1.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Mahairas GG, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ, Singh DC, Stover CK. Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium Bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis. J Bacteriol. 1996;178(5):1274–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Bienek DR, Chang CK. Evaluation of an interferon-gamma release assay, T-SPOT.TB, in a population with a low prevalence of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(11):1416–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Madariaga MG, Jalali Z, Swindells S. Clinical utility of interferon gamma assay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Am Board Fam Med. 2007;20(6):540–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Lobue P, Iademarco MF, Metchock B, Vernon A. Division of tuberculosis elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and TB prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54(RR-15):49–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Vernon A, LoBue P, Goldberg S, IGRA Expert Committee, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for using interferon gamma release assays to detect mycobacterium tuberculosis infection - United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-5):1–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mazurek GH, Villarino ME, CDC. Guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB test for diagnosing latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-2):15–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kim JH, Won S, Choi CB, Sung YK, Song GG, Bae SC. Evaluation of the usefulness of interferon-gamma release assays and the tuberculin skin test for the detection of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in Korean rheumatic patients who are candidates for biologic agents. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015;18(3):315–22. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.12515.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Khan F, Cotter O, Kennedy B, Clair J, O'Connor B, Collins J, Curran D, O'Connor T. The intensity of QuantiFERON TB-gold response does not differentiate active from latent tuberculosis. Ir Med J. 2013;106(10):308–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gineys R, Bodaghi B, Carcelain G, Cassoux N, Boutin le TH, Amoura Z, Lehoang P, Trad S (2011) QuantiFERON-TB gold cut-off value: implications for the management of tuberculosis-related ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol 152(3):433–440. e431. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Dinnes J, Deeks J, Kunst H, Gibson A, Cummins E, Waugh N, Drobniewski F, Lalvani A. A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11(3):1–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(3):177–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Meywald-Walter K, Gottschalk R, Nienhaus A. Comparative performance of tuberculin skin test, QuantiFERON-TB-Gold in Tube assay, and T-Spot.TB test in contact investigations for tuberculosis. Chest. 2009;135(4):1010–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ruan Q, Zhang S, Ai J, Zhang W. Screening of latent tuberculosis infection by interferon-? Release assays in rheumatic patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(2):417–25. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2817-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Arend SM, Thijsen SF, Leyten EM, Bouwman JJ, Franken WP, Koster BF, Cobelens FG, van Houte AJ, Bossink AW. Comparison of two interferon-gamma assays and tuberculin skin test for tracing tuberculosis contacts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(6):618–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sadatsafavi M, Shahidi N, Marra F, FitzGerald MJ, Elwood KR, Guo N, Marra CA. A statistical method was used for the meta-analysis of tests for latent TB in the absence of a gold standard, combining random-effect and latent-class methods to estimate test accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(3):257–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Albini TA, Karakousis PC, Rao NA. Interferon-gamma release assays in the diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(4):486–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.06.021.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ang M, Wanling W, Chee SP. Clinical significance of an equivocal interferon gamma release assay result. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(2):284–8. doi:10.1136/bjo.2011.204578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bergamini BM, Losi M, Vaienti F, D'Amico R, Meccugni B, Meacci M, De Giovanni D, Rumpianesi F, Fabbri LM, Balli F, Richeldi L. Performance of commercial blood tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):419–24. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Lighter J, Rigaud M, Eduardo R, Peng CH, Pollack H. Latent tuberculosis diagnosis in children by using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):30–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Nicol MP, Davies MA, Wood K, Hatherill M, Workman L, Hawkridge A, Eley B, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Hanekom WA, Beatty D, Hussey G. Comparison of T-SPOT.TB assay and tuberculin skin test for the evaluation of young children at high risk for tuberculosis in a community setting. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):38–43. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kampmann B, Tena-Coki G, Anderson S. Blood tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2006;368(9532):282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Haustein T, Ridout DA, Hartley JC, Thaker U, Shingadia D, Klein NJ, Novelli V, Dixon GL. The likelihood of an indeterminate test result from a whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children correlates with age and immune status. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(8):669–73. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181a16394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Aw D, Silva AB, Palmer DB. Immunosenescence: emerging challenges for an ageing population. Immunology. 2007;120(4):435–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Ferrara G, Losi M, D'Amico R, Roversi P, Piro R, Meacci M, Meccugni B, Dori IM, Andreani A, Bergamini BM, Mussini C, Rumpianesi F, Fabbri LM, Richeldi L. Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study. Lancet. 2006;367(9519):1328–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kleinert S, Kurzai O, Elias J, Marten K, Engelke C, Feuchtenberger M, Sandstede J, Frosch M, Tony HP, Kneitz C. Comparison of two interferon-gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test for detecting latent tuberculosis in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(4):782–4. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.113829.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Alexander TS, Miller MB, Gilligan P. Should interferon gamma release assays become the standard method for screening patients for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(6):2086–92. doi:10.1128/JCM.00589-11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Dorman SE, Belknap R, Graviss EA, Reves R, Schluger N, Weinfurter P, Wang YT, Cronin W, Hirsch-Moverman Y, Teeter LD, Parker M, Garrett DO, Daley CL, Consortium TES. Interferon-? Release assays and tuberculin skin testing for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;2014(189):1. doi:10.1164/rccm.201302-0365OC.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gandra S, Scott WS, Somaraju V, Wang H, Wilton S, Feigenbaum M. Questionable effectiveness of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test (Cellestis) as a screening tool in healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(12):1279–85. doi:10.1086/657336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G. Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):340–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Perry S, Sanchez L, Yang S, Agarwal Z, Hurst P, Parsonnet J. Reproducibility of QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube assay. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15(3):425–32. doi:10.1128/CVI.00398-07.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Slater ML, Welland G, Pai M, Parsonnet J, Banaei N. Challenges with QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay for large-scale, routine screening of U.S. healthcare workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(8):1005–10. doi:10.1164/rccm.201305-0831OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Baker CA, Thomas W, Stauffer WM, Peterson PK, Tsukayama DT. Serial testing of refugees for latent tuberculosis using the QuantiFERON-gold in-tube: effects of an antecedent tuberculin skin test. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):628–33.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Cummings KJ, Smith TS, Shogren ES, Khakoo R, Nanda S, Bunner L, Smithmyer A, Soccorsi D, Kashon ML, Mazurek GH, Friedman LN, Weissman DN. Prospective comparison of tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay for the detection of latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in a low-incidence setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(11):1123–6. doi:10.1086/644754.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Detjen AK, Loebenberg L, Grewal HM, Stanley K, Gutschmidt A, Kruger C, Du Plessis N, Kidd M, Beyers N, Walzl G, Hesseling AC. Short-term reproducibility of a commercial interferon gamma release assay. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009;16(8):1170–5. doi:10.1128/CVI.00168-09.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Doberne D, Gaur RL, Banaei N. Preanalytical delay reduces sensitivity of QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube assay for detection of latent tuberculosis infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(8):3061–4. doi:10.1128/JCM.01136-11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Gaur RL, Pai M, Banaei N. Impact of blood volume, tube shaking, and incubation time on reproducibility of QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(11):3521–6. doi:10.1128/JCM.01627-13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Hang NT, Ishizuka N, Keicho N, Hong LT, Tam DB, Thu VT, Matsushita I, Harada N, Higuchi K, Sakurada S, Lien LT. Quality assessment of an interferon-gamma release assay for tuberculosis infection in a resource-limited setting. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:66. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Herrera V, Yeh E, Murphy K, Parsonnet J, Banaei N. Immediate incubation reduces indeterminate results for QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;2010(48):8. doi:10.1128/JCM.00482-10.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Joshi M, Monson TP, Woods GL. Use of interferon-gamma release assays in a health care worker screening program: experience from a tertiary care centre in the United States. Can Respir J. 2012;19(2):84–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Leyten EM, Prins C, Bossink AW, Thijsen S, Ottenhoff TH, van Dissel JT, Arend SM. Effect of tuberculin skin testing on a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific interferon-gamma assay. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(6):1212–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Mazurek GH, Whitworth WC, Goodwin DJ. Affect of blood collection time on QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube test variability. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:A4735. doi:10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_MeetingAbstracts.A473510.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_MeetingAbstracts.A4735.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Metcalfe JZ, Cattamanchi A, McCulloch CE, Lew JD, Ha NP, Graviss EA. Test variability of the QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube assay in clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(2):206–11. doi:10.1164/rccm.201203-0430OC.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Min JW, Lee HY, Lee JS, Lee J, Chung JH, Han SK, Yim JJ. Effect of prolonged incubation time on results of the QuantiFERON TB gold in-tube assay for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(9):1377–80. doi:10.1128/CVI.00290-13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Powell RD, Whitworth WC, Bernardo J, Moonan PK, Mazurek GH. Unusual interferon gamma measurements with QuantiFERON-TB Gold and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube tests. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20061. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020061.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Ringshausen FC, Nienhaus A, Torres Costa J, Knoop H, Schlosser S, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Rohde G. Within-subject variability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific gamma interferon responses in German health care workers. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18(7):1176–82. doi:10.1128/CVI.05058-11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Ritz N, Yau C, Connell TG, Tebruegge M, Leslie D, Curtis N. Absence of interferon-gamma release assay conversion following tuberculin skin testing. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(6):767–9. doi:10.5588/ijtld.10.0339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Sauzullo I, Massetti AP, Mengoni F, Rossi R, Lichtner M, Ajassa C, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM. Influence of previous tuberculin skin test on serial IFN-gamma release assays. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2011;91(4):322–6. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2011.05.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Shanaube K, De Haas P, Schaap A, Kosloff B, Devendra A, Raby E, Godfrey-Faussett P, Ayles H. Intra-assay reliability and robustness of QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold In-Tube test in Zambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14(7):828–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. van Zyl-Smit RN, Zwerling A, Dheda K, Pai M. Within-subject variability of interferon-g assay results for tuberculosis and boosting effect of tuberculin skin testing: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2009;4(12):e8517. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008517.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Veerapathran A, Joshi R, Goswami K, Dogra S, Moodie EE, Reddy MV, Kalantri S, Schwartzman K, Behr MA, Menzies D, Pai M. T-cell assays for tuberculosis infection: deriving cut-offs for conversions using reproducibility data. PLoS One. 2008;3(3):1850. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001850.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Whitworth WC, Mazurek GH, Goodwin DJ, Racster S, West K, Jaffar A, Daniels LJ, Campbell BH, Chuke SO. Within-subject inter-assay variability of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay results using automated and manual methods [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:A1192.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Tagmouti S, Slater M, Benedetti A, Kik SV, Banaei N, Cattamanchi A, Metcalfe J, Dowdy D, van Zyl SR, Dendukuri N, Pai M, Denkinger C. Reproducibility of interferon gamma (IFN-?) release assays. A systematic review. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(8):1267–76. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201405-188OC.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Lee JY, Choi HJ, Park IN, Hong SB, Oh YM, Lim CM, Lee SD, Koh Y, Kim WS, Kim DS, Kim WD, Shim TS. Comparison of two commercial interferon-gamma assays for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(1):24–30. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00016906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Laartz BW, Narvarte HJ, Holt D, Larkin JA, Pomputius 3rd W. Congenital tuberculosis and management of exposures in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(10):573–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Ang M, Wong WL, Kiew SY, Li X, Chee SP (2014) Prospective head-to-head study comparing 2 commercial interferon gamma release assays for the diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 157(6):1306–1314.; 1314 e1301-1304. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.01.031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Ang M, Kiew SY, Wong WL, Chee SP. Discordance of two interferon-gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in patients with uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(12):1649–53. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Denkinger CM, Dheda K, Pai M. Guidelines on interferon-gamma release assays for tuberculosis infection: concordance, discordance or confusion? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(6):806–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03555.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Lou SM, Montgomery PA, Larkin KL, Winthrop K, Zierhut M, Rosenbaum JT, Uveitis Specialists Study G. Diagnosis and treatment for ocular tuberculosis among uveitis specialists: the international perspective. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(1):32–9. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.994784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Department of HIV/AIDS, Stop TB Department, World Health Organisation. Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ling DI, Pai M, Davids V, Brunet L, Lenders L, Meldau R, Calligaro G, Allwood B, van Zyl-Smit R, Peter J, Bateman E, Dawson R, Dheda K. Are interferon-gamma release assays useful for active tuberculosis in a high-burden setting? Eur Respir J. 2011;38(3):649–56. doi:10.1183/09031936.00181610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Metcalfe JZ, Everett CK, Steingart KR, Cattamanchi A, Huang L, Hopewell PC, Pai M. Interferon-gamma release assays for active pulmonary TB diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(Suppl 4):1120–9. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Report of the Tenth Meeting. Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Tuberculosis (STAG-TB). Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Mujakperuo HR, Thompson RD, Thickett DR. Interferon gamma release assays and the NICE 2011 guidelines on the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis. Clin Med (Lond). 2013;13(4):362–6. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-4-362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Kardos M, Kimball AB. Time for a change? Updated guidelines using interferon gamma release assays for detection of latent tuberculosis infection in the office setting. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(1):148–52. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.09.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Ang M, Nguyen HV, Kiew SY, Chen S, Chee SP, Finkelstein E. Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for interferon-gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in tuberculous uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(7):984–9. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hardy AB, Varma R, Collyns T, Moffitt SJ, Mullarkey C, Watson JP. Cost-effectiveness of the NICE guidelines for screening for latent tuberculosis infection: the QuantiFERON-TB Gold IGRA alone is more cost-effective for immigrants from high burden countries. Thorax. 2010;65(2):178–80. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.119677.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Babu K, Satish V, Satish S, Subbakrishna DK, Abraham MP, Murthy KR. Utility of QuantiFERON TB gold test in a south Indian patient population of ocular inflammation. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2009;57(6):427–30. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.57147.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Cordero-Coma M, Calleja S, Torres HE, del Barrio I, Franco M, Yilmaz T, Vivas S, de Morales JG. The value of an immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with chronic posterior uveitis revisited: utility of the new IGRAs. Eye (Lond). 2010;24(1):36–43. doi:10.1038/eye.2009.51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Itty S, Bakri SJ, Pulido JS, Herman DC, Faia LJ, Tufty GT, Bennett SR, Falk NS. Initial results of QuantiFERON-TB Gold testing in patients with uveitis. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(4):904–9. doi:10.1038/eye.2008.115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Mackensen F, Becker MD, Wiehler U, Max R, Dalpke A, Zimmermann S. QuantiFERON TB-Gold a new test strengthening long-suspected tuberculous involvement in serpiginous-like choroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(5):761–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Zierhut M, Rao NA. Strengths and weaknesses of diagnostic tools for tuberculous uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(5):351–5. doi:10.3109/09273940903168688.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Sester M, Sotgiu G, Lange C, Giehl C, Girardi E, Migliori GB, Bossink AW, Dheda K, Diel R, Dominguez J, Lipman M, Nemeth J, Ravn P, Winkler S, Huitric E, Sandgren A, Manissero D. Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(1):100–11. doi:10.1183/09031936.00114810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Harada N, Higuchi K, Sekiya Y, Rothel J, Kitoh T, Mori T. Basic characteristics of a novel diagnostic method (QuantiFERON TB-2G) for latent tuberculosis infection with the use of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens, ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Kekkaku. 2004;79(12):2725–35.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Biswas J, Badrinath SS. Ocular morbidity in patients with active systemic tuberculosis. Int Ophthalmol. 1995-1996;19(5):293–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Biswas J, Madhavan HN, Gopal L, Badrinath SS. Intraocular tuberculosis. Clinicopathologic study of five cases. Retina. 1995;15(6):461–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Park DY, Kim JY, Choi KU, Lee JS, Lee CH, Sol MY, Suh KS. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with histopathologic features for diagnosis of tuberculosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded histologic specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127(3):326–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Rathinam SR, Rao NA. Tuberculous intraocular infection presenting with pigmented hypopyon: a clinicopathological case report. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(5):721–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Sharma K, Gupta V, Bansal R, Sharma A, Sharma M, Gupta A. Novel multi-targeted polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of presumed tubercular uveitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;2013(3):1. doi:10.1186/1869-5760-3-25.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Li J, Ang M, Cheung CM, Vania M, Chan AS, Waduthantri S, Yang H, Chee SP. Aqueous cytokine changes associated with Posner-Schlossman syndrome with and without human cytomegalovirus. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):444–53. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Arora SK, Gupta V, Gupta A, Bambery P, Kapoor GS, Sehgal S. Diagnostic efficacy of polymerase chain reaction in granulomatous uveitis. Tuber Lung Dis. 1999;79(4):229–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Singh R, Toor P, Parchand S, Sharma K, Gupta V, Gupta A. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in so-called Eales’ disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(3):153–7. doi:10.3109/09273948.2012.658134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Balne PK, Barik MR, Sharma S, Basu S. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting the mpb64 gene for diagnosis of intraocular tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(11):3839–40. doi:10.1128/JCM.01386-13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Gupta A, Gupta V, Arora S, Dogra MR, Bambery P. PCR-positive tubercular retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics and management. Retina. 2001;21(5):435–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Knapp A. On some forms of retinal tuberculosis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1913;13(Pt 2):486–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Gupta V, Arora S, Gupta A, Ram J, Bambery P, Sehgal S. Management of presumed intraocular tuberculosis: possible role of the polymerase chain reaction. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76(6):679–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Gupta V, Gupta A, Arora S, Bambery P, Dogra MR, Agarwal A. Presumed tubercular serpiginouslike choroiditis: clinical presentations and management. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(9):1744–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Reny JL, Challe G, Geisert P, Aerts J, Ziza JM, Raquin G. Tuberculosis-related retinal vasculitis in an immunocompetent patient. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22(5):873–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Salman A, Parmar P, Rajamohan M, Thomas PA, Jesudasan N. Subretinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of choroidal tuberculosis. Retina. 2003;23(6):796–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Shanmugam M. Subretinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of choroidal tuberculosis. Retina. 2004;24(4):659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Barondes MJ, Sponsel WE, Stevens TS, Plotnik RD. Tuberculous choroiditis diagnosed by chorioretinal endobiopsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112(4):460–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Bowyer JD, Gormley PD, Seth R, Downes RN, Lowe J. Choroidal tuberculosis diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction. A clinicopathologic case report. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(2):290–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Johnston RL, Tufail A, Lightman S, Luthert PJ, Pavesio CE, Cooling RJ, Charteris D. Retinal and choroidal biopsies are helpful in unclear uveitis of suspected infectious or malignant origin. Ophthalmology. 2004;2004(111):3.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Kotake S, Kimura K, Yoshikawa K, Sasamoto Y, Matsuda A, Nishikawa T, Fujii N, Matsuda H. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ocular tuberculosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(6):805–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Chauhan DS, Sharma VD, Parashar D, Chauhan A, Singh D, Singh HB, Das R, Aggarwal BM, Malhotra B, Jain A, Sharma M, Kataria VK, Aggarwal JK, Hanif M, Shahani A, Katoch VM. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from different parts of India based on IS6110 element polymorphism using RFLP analysis. Indian J Med Res. 2007;125(4):577–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Balne PK, Modi RR, Choudhury N, Mohan N, Barik MR, Padhi TR, Sharma S, Panigrahi SR, Basu S. Factors influencing polymerase chain reaction outcomes in patients with clinically suspected ocular tuberculosis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2014;4(1):10. doi:10.1186/1869-5760-4-10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Hernandez-Pando R, Jeyanathan M, Mengistu G, Aguilar D, Orozco H, Harboe M, Rook GA, Bjune G. Persistence of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in superficially normal lung tissue during latent infection. Lancet. 2000;356(9248):2133–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Neyrolles O, Hernandez-Pando R, Pietri-Rouxel F, Fornes P, Tailleux L, Barrios Payan JA, Pivert E, Bordat Y, Aguilar D, Prevost MC, Petit C, Gicquel B. Is adipose tissue a place for Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence? PLoS One. 2006;1:43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Van Gelder RN. Applications of the polymerase chain reaction to diagnosis of ophthalmic disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;46(3):248–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Sharma K, Bansal R, Sharma A, Gupta A, Fiorella PD. Successful treatment of rifampicin-resistant intraocular tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(1):93–6. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.888084.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Ganesh SK, Roopleen, Biswas J, Veena N. Role of high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) of the chest in granulomatous uveitis: a tertiary uveitis clinic experience from India. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19(1):51–7. doi:10.3109/09273948.2010.525680.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Doycheva D, Deuter C, Hetzel J, Frick JS, Aschoff P, Schuelen E, Zierhut M, Pfannenberg C. The use of positron emission tomography/CT in the diagnosis of tuberculosis-associated uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(9):1290–4. doi:10.1136/bjo.2010.182659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Mehta S. Patterns of systemic uptake of 18-FDG with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) studies in patients with presumed ocular tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(6):434–7. doi:10.3109/09273948.2012.697596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore

    Nicole Shu-Wen Chan MBBS & Soon-Phaik Chee FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G)

  2. Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore

    Soon-Phaik Chee FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G)

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore

    Soon-Phaik Chee FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G)

  4. Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore

    Soon-Phaik Chee FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G)

Authors
  1. Nicole Shu-Wen Chan MBBS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Soon-Phaik Chee FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soon-Phaik Chee FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Atul Kumar

  2. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Rohan Chawla

  3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Namrata Sharma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chan, N.SW., Chee, SP. (2017). Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon-γ Release Assays in the Diagnosis of Ocular Tuberculosis. In: Kumar, A., Chawla, R., Sharma, N. (eds) Ocular Tuberculosis. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57520-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57520-9_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57519-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57520-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation