Abstract
The term genetically modified (GM) or transgenic refers to organisms that received exotic genes using a series of laboratory techniques for cloning genes, splicing DNA, and inserting genes into them, a procedure called genetic transformation. These techniques are also known as recombinant DNA technology. The term transgenic is used in this chapter because it is the most widely used to indicate the use of recombinant DNA technology in developing the new cultivar. Soybean genetic modification technology allows the introgression of genes for specific traits from other species. GM soybean, with glyphosate herbicide tolerance, was first introduced in the USA in 1996, with the herbicide-tolerant form of 5-enolpyruvulshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gen, in which function is to decrease binding affinity for glyphosate, thereby conferring increased tolerance to glyphosate herbicide. Today, most GM soybeans grown worldwide are transformed for insect resistance or herbicide tolerance, but drought tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency, trans fat-free, and reduced saturated fat have also been developed. Other potential future applications of the technology include additional nutritional enhancements, other stress tolerance, disease resistance, biofuel efficiency, etc.
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Notes
- 1.
Codex Alimentarius is an international forum for standardization of food trade established by the United Nations (UN), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO) established in 1963. The forum aims to protect consumers’ health and ensure equitable practices in regional and international food trade.
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Morais, P.P.P., Borém, A. (2017). GM Cultivars. In: Lopes da Silva, F., Borém, A., Sediyama, T., Ludke, W. (eds) Soybean Breeding. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57433-2_16
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