Skip to main content

Sexually Transmitted Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 798 Accesses

Abstract

Men who have sex with men (MSM) comprise a heterogeneous group of men with diverse sexual behaviors and who have a high burden of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Among MSM, HIV-infected MSM are most affected by STI. Biological, behavioral, and societal factors contribute to these high rates of STI. STI may present in extragenital sites in MSM (i.e., mouth and anus) and in some instances, organisms typically not considered sexually transmitted must also be considered. This chapter discusses STI epidemiology in MSM and clinical topics unique to MSM.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mayer KH, Bekker LG, Stall R, Grulich AE, Colfax G, Lama JR. Comprehensive clinical care for men who have sex with men: an integrated approach. Lancet. 2012;380:378–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2014. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Grulich AE, de Visser RO, Smith AM, Rissel CE, Richters J. Sex in Australia: homosexual experience and recent homosexual encounters. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003;27:155–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mercer CH, Fenton KA, Copas AJ, Wellings K, Erens B, McManus S, et al. Increasing prevalence of male homosexual partnerships and practices in Britain 1990–2000: evidence from national probability surveys. AIDS. 2004;18:1453–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Prestage G, Mao L, Fogarty A, Van de Ven P, Kippax S, Crawford J, et al. How has the sexual behaviour of gay men changed since the onset of AIDS: 1986–2003. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2005;29:530–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Patton ME, Kidd S, Llata E, Stenger M, Braxton J, Asbel L, et al. Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men–STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1564–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Edwards S, Carne C. Oral sex and the transmission of viral STIs. Sex Transm Infect. 1998;74:6–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Lafferty WE, Hughes JP, Handsfield HH. Sexually transmitted diseases in men who have sex with men. Acquisition of gonorrhea and nongonococcal urethritis by fellatio and implications for STD/HIV prevention. Sex Transm Dis. 1997;24:272–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increases in unsafe sex and rectal gonorrhea among men who have sex with men—San Francisco, California, 1994–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;48:45–8.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hui B, Fairley CK, Chen M, Grulich A, Hocking J, Prestage G, et al. Oral and anal sex are key to sustaining gonorrhoea at endemic levels in MSM populations: a mathematical model. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91:365–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Abdolrasouli A, McMillan A, Ackers JP. Sexual transmission of intestinal parasites in men who have sex with men. Sex Health. 2009;6:185–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Butler LM, Osmond DH, Jones AG, Martin JN. Use of saliva as a lubricant in anal sexual practices among homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50:162–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Chow EP, Cornelisse VJ, Read TR, Lee D, Walker S, Hocking JS, et al. Saliva use as a lubricant for anal sex is a risk factor for rectal gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men, a new public health message: a cross-sectional survey. Sex Transm Infect. 2016 [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cohen CE, Giles A, Nelson M. Sexual trauma associated with fisting and recreational drugs. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80:469–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Urbanus AT, van de Laar TJ, Stolte IG, Schinkel J, Heijman T, Coutinho RA, et al. Hepatitis C virus infections among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: an expanding epidemic. AIDS. 2009;23:F1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Satinsky S, Rosenberger JG, Schick V, Novak DS, Reece M. USA study of sex toy use by HIV-positive men who have sex with other men: implications for sexual health. Int J STD AIDS. 2011;22:442–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Breyer BN, Shindel AW. Recreational urethral sounding is associated with high risk sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections. BJU Int. 2012;110:720–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Rinard K, Nelius T, Hogan L, Young C, Roberts AE, Armstrong ML. Cross-sectional study examining four types of male penile and urethral “play”. Urology. 2010;76:1326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Carballo-Dieguez A, Bauermeister JA, Ventuneac A, Dolezal C, Balan I, Remien RH. The use of rectal douches among HIV-uninfected and infected men who have unprotected receptive anal intercourse: implications for rectal microbicides. AIDS Behav. 2008;12:860–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Calabrese SK, Rosenberger JG, Schick VR, Novak DS, Reece M. An event-level comparison of risk-related sexual practices between black and other-race men who have sex with men: condoms, semen, lubricant, and rectal douching. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27:77–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Javanbakht M, Stahlman S, Pickett J, LeBlanc MA, Gorbach PM. Prevalence and types of rectal douches used for anal intercourse: results from an international survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. de Vries HJ, van der Bij AK, Fennema JS, Smit C, de Wolf F, Prins M, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis in men who have sex with men is associated with anal enema use and high-risk behavior. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35:203–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schreeder MT, Thompson SE, Hadler SC, Berquist KR, Zaidi A, Maynard JE, et al. Hepatitis B in homosexual men: prevalence of infection and factors related to transmission. J Infect Dis. 1982;146:7–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fuchs EJ, Lee LA, Torbenson MS, Parsons TL, Bakshi RP, Guidos AM, et al. Hyperosmolar sexual lubricant causes epithelial damage in the distal colon: potential implication for HIV transmission. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:703–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gorbach PM, Weiss RE, Fuchs E, Jeffries RA, Hezerah M, Brown S, et al. The slippery slope: lubricant use and rectal sexually transmitted infections: a newly identified risk. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39:59–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Paz-Bailey G, Mendoza MC, Finlayson T, Wejnert C, Le B, Rose C, et al. Trends in condom use among MSM in the United States: the role of antiretroviral therapy and seroadaptive strategies. AIDS. 2016;30:1985–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Swanson F, Kerani RP, Katz DA, Barbee LA, et al. Trends in serosorting and the association with HIV/STI risk over time among men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:189–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Sandfort TG, Bakker F, Schellevis FG, Vanwesenbeeck I. Sexual orientation and mental and physical health status: findings from a Dutch population survey. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1119–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Bostwick WB, Boyd CJ, Hughes TL, McCabe SE. Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:468–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Stall R, Paul JP, Greenwood G, Pollack LM, Bein E, Crosby GM, et al. Alcohol use, drug use and alcohol-related problems among men who have sex with men: the Urban Men’s Health Study. Addiction. 2001;96:1589–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S. Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:989–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Gamarel KE, Brown L, Kahler CW, Fernandez MI, Bruce D, Nichols S. Adolescent medicine trials network for HIV/AIDS intervention. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among youth living with HIV in clinical settings. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;169:11–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Rowe C, Liou T, Vittinghoff E, Coffin PO, Santos GM. Binge drinking concurrent with anal intercourse and condom use among men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2016;28:1566–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. McCall H, Adams N, Mason D, Willis J. What is chemsex and why does it matter? BMJ. 2015;351:h5790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hegazi A, Lee MJ, Whittaker W, Green S, Simms R, Cutts R, et al. Chemsex and the city: sexualised substance use in gay bisexual and other men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics. Int J STD AIDS. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Swearingen SG, Klausner JD. Sildenafil use, sexual risk behavior, and risk for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. Am J Med. 2005;118:571–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. D’Avanzo PA, Halkitis PN, Yu K, Kapadia F. Demographic, mental health, behavioral, and psychosocial factors associated with cigarette smoking status among young men who have sex with men: the P18 cohort study. LGBT Health. 2016;3:379–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Easton A, Jackson K, Mowery P, Comeau D, Sell R. Adolescent same-sex and both-sex romantic attractions and relationships: implications for smoking. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:462–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Lewnard JA, Berrang-Ford L. Internet-based partner selection and risk for unprotected anal intercourse in sexual encounters among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Sex Transm Infect. 2014;90:290–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hull P, Mao L, Prestage G, Zablotska I, de Wit J, Holt M. The use of mobile phone apps by Australian gay and bisexual men to meet sex partners: an analysis of sex-seeking repertoires and risks for HIV and STIs using behavioural surveillance data. Sex Transm Infect. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Beymer MR, Weiss RE, Bolan RK, Rudy ET, Bourque LB, Rodriguez JP, et al. Sex on demand: geosocial networking phone apps and risk of sexually transmitted infections among a cross-sectional sample of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County. Sex Transm Infect. 2014;90:567–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, Dolling DI, Gafos M, Gilson R, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:53–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, Pialoux G, Cotte L, Charreau I, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Scott HM, Klausner JD. Sexually transmitted infections and pre-exposure prophylaxis: challenges and opportunities among men who have sex with men in the US. AIDS Res Ther. 2016;13:5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, Chillag K, Mayer K, Thompson M, Grohskopf L, et al. Sexual risk behavior among HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men participating in a tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis randomized trial in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;64:87–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Cassell MM, Halperin DT, Shelton JD, Stanton D. Risk compensation: the Achilles’ heel of innovations in HIV prevention? BMJ. 2006;332:605–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Kojima N, Davey DJ, Klausner JD. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection and new sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2016;30:2251–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Barbee LA, Dhanireddy S, Tat SA, Marrazzo JM. Barriers to bacterial sexually transmitted infection testing of HIV-infected men who have sex with men engaged in HIV primary care. Sex Transm Dis. 2015;42:590–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Sabin JA, Riskind RG, Nosek BA. Health care providers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:1831–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rane VS, Fairley CK, Weerakoon A, Read TH, Fehler G, Chen MY, et al. Characteristics of acute nongonococcal urethritis in men differ by sexual preference. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2971–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, Garland SM, Hopkins CA, Moss LM, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:336–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ong JJ, Morton AN, Henzell HR, Berzins K, Druce J, Fairley CK, et al. Clinical characteristics of herpes simplex virus urethritis compared with chlamydial urethritis among men. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:121–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Liddle OL, Samuel MI, Sudhanva M, Ellis J, Taylor C. Adenovirus urethritis and concurrent conjunctivitis: a case series and review of the literature. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91:87–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Toh E, Gangaiah D, Batteiger BE, Williams JA, Arno JN, Tai A, et al. Neisseria meningitidis ST11 complex isolates associated with nongonococcal urethritis, Indiana, USA, 2015-2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:336–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Bazan JA, Peterson AS, Kirkcaldy RD, Briere EC, Maierhofer C, Turner AN, et al. Notes from the field: increase in Neisseria meningitidis—associated urethritis among men at two sentinel clinics—Columbus, Ohio, and Oakland County, Michigan, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:550–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Janda WM, Bohnoff M, Morello JA, Lerner SA. Prevalence and site-pathogen studies of Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae in homosexual men. JAMA. 1980;244:2060–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Simon MS, Weiss D, Gulick RM. Invasive meningococcal disease in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:300–1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory committee on immunization P. Recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older, United States, 2017. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:209–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lafferty WE, Downey L, Celum C, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes: impact on surveillance and prevention. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:1454–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Basta-Juzbasic A, Ceovic R. Chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, genital herpes simplex infection, and molluscum contagiosum. Clin Dermatol. 2014;32:290–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Llata E, Stenger M, Bernstein K, Guerry S, Kerani R, Pugsley R, et al. Prevalence of genital warts among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients-sexually transmitted disease surveillance network, United States, January 2010 to December 2011. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41:89–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Flores ARC, M.T. Pharyngitis in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infections diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Centers for disease C, prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bernstein KT, Stephens SC, Barry PM, Kohn R, Philip SS, Liska S, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission from the oropharynx to the urethra among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1793–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Rosain J, Froissart A, Estrangin E, Rozenberg F. Severe acute pharyngotonsillitis due to herpes simplex virus type 2 in a young woman. J Clin Virol. 2015;63:63–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Abe K, Aoyagi H, Okada N, Saito K, Kuyama Y. Severe oropharyngitis due to herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in an immunocompetent adult. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:1140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ramirez-Amador V, Anaya-Saavedra G, Crabtree-Ramirez B, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Saeb-Lima M, Sierra-Madero J. Clinical spectrum of oral secondary syphilis in HIV-infected patients. J Sex Transm Dis. 2013;2013:892427.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hill JD. Oral Lesions in HIV infection. In: Prabhu SR, editor. Handbook of oral diseases for medical practice. 1st ed. New Delhi: Oxford University Press; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Assi R, Hashim PW, Reddy VB, Einarsdottir H, Longo WE. Sexually transmitted infections of the anus and rectum. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:15262–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. de Vries HJ, Zingoni A, White JA, Ross JD, Kreuter A. 2013 European guideline on the management of proctitis, proctocolitis and enteritis caused by sexually transmissible pathogens. Int J STD AIDS. 2014;25:465–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Cone MM, Whitlow CB. Sexually transmitted and anorectal infectious diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2013;42:877–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:300–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bissessor M, Tabrizi SN, Bradshaw CS, Fairley CK, Hocking JS, Garland SM, et al. The contribution of Mycoplasma genitalium to the aetiology of sexually acquired infectious proctitis in men who have sex with men. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:260–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Soni S, Alexander S, Verlander N, Saunders P, Richardson D, Fisher M, et al. The prevalence of urethral and rectal Mycoplasma genitalium and its associations in men who have sex with men attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86:21–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Quinn TC, Corey L, Chaffee RG, Schuffler MD, Brancato FP, Holmes KK. The etiology of anorectal infections in homosexual men. Am J Med. 1981;71:395–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hoffmann C, Sahly H, Jessen A, Ingiliz P, Stellbrink HJ, Neifer S, et al. High rates of quinolone-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei in HIV-infected MSM. Infection. 2013;41:999–1003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Aragon TJ, Vugia DJ, Shallow S, Samuel MC, Reingold A, Angulo FJ, et al. Case-control study of shigellosis in San Francisco: the role of sexual transmission and HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:327–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gaudreau C, Helferty M, Sylvestre JL, Allard R, Pilon PA, Poisson M, et al. Campylobacter coli outbreak in men who have sex with men, Quebec, Canada, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:764–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Gaudreau C, Michaud S. Cluster of erythromycin—and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from 1999 to 2001 in men who have sex with men, Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:131–6.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hung CC, Chang SY, Ji DD. Entamoeba histolytica infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:729–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Stoner BP, Cohen SE. Lymphogranuloma venereum 2015: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 8):S865–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, Brown AE, Kornfeld SJ, Gold J, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1439–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Reyes M, Shaik NS, Graber JM, Nisenbaum R, Wetherall NT, Fukuda K, et al. Acyclovir-resistant genital herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus clinics. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:76–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Mosunjac M, Park J, Wang W, Tadros T, Siddiqui M, Bagirov M, et al. Genital and perianal herpes simplex simulating neoplasia in patients with AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23:153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Rompalo AM, Joesoef MR, O’Donnell JA, Augenbraun M, Brady W, Radolf JD, et al. Clinical manifestations of early syphilis by HIV status and gender: results of the syphilis and HIV study. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:158–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hutchinson CM, Hook EW 3rd, Shepherd M, Verley J, Rompalo AM. Altered clinical presentation of early syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:94–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2015. Atlanta, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wilton J. The (re)emergence of STIs among MSM: why does it matter and what can be done? CATIE, 2015. Accessed 2016, at http://www.catie.ca/en/pif/fall-2015/reemergence-stis-among-msm-why-does-it-matter-and-what-can-be-done.

  91. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV surveillance report, 2014, vol. 26. 2015. Accessed April 12, 2016, at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/surveillance/.

  92. Danby CS, Cosentino LA, Rabe LK, Priest CL, Damare KC, Macio IS, et al. Patterns of extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhea in women and men who have sex with men reporting a history of receptive anal intercourse. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:105–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Gratrix J, Singh AE, Bergman J, Egan C, McGinnis J, Drews SJ, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of rectal chlamydia and gonorrhea cases among men who have sex with men after the introduction of nucleic acid amplification test screening at 2 Canadian sexually transmitted infection clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41:589–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kent CK, Chaw JK, Wong W, Liska S, Gibson S, Hubbard G, et al. Prevalence of rectal, urethral, and pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhea detected in 2 clinical settings among men who have sex with men: San Francisco, California, 2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:67–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Dutt K, Chow EP, Huffam S, Huffam S, Klassen K, Fairley CK, et al. High prevalence of rectal gonorrhoea among men reporting contact with men with gonorrhoea: implications for epidemiological treatment. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:658.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2014. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2015. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Whitlow CB. Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2004;17:209–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Balmelli C, Gunthard HF. Gonococcal tonsillar infection–a case report and literature review. Infection. 2003;31:362–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Morris SR, Klausner JD, Buchbinder SP, Wheeler SL, Koblin B, Coates T, et al. Prevalence and incidence of pharyngeal gonorrhea in a longitudinal sample of men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1284–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Dudareva-Vizule S, Haar K, Sailer A, Wisplinghoff H, Wisplinghoff F. Marcus U; PARIS study group. Prevalence of pharyngeal and rectal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in Germany. Sex Transm Infect. 2014;90:46–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Mimiaga MJ, Helms DJ, Reisner SL, Grasso C, Bertrand T, Mosure DJ, et al. Gonococcal, chlamydia, and syphilis infection positivity among MSM attending a large primary care clinic, Boston, 2003 to 2004. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:507–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae–2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, Markowitz L, Papp JR, Palella FJ Jr, et al. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis rectal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1827–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, Markowitz LE, Papp JR, Hook EW 3rd. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae oropharyngeal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:902–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Geelen TH, Rossen JW, Beerens AM, Poort L, Morré SA, Ritmeester WS, et al. Performance of cobas(R) 4800 and m2000 real-time assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in rectal and self-collected vaginal specimen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;77:101–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Moncada J, Schachter J, Liska S, Shayevich C, Klausner JD. Evaluation of self-collected glans and rectal swabs from men who have sex with men for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of nucleic acid amplification tests. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1657–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Martin JE Jr, Lester A, Price EV, Schmale JD. Comparative study of gonococcal susceptibility to penicillin in the United States, 1955–1969. J Infect Dis. 1970;122:459–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Perine PL, Morton RS, Piot P, Siegel MS, Antal GM. Epidemiology and treatment of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Dis. 1979;6:152–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Morse SA, Johnson SR, Biddle JW, Roberts MC. High-level tetracycline resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is result of acquisition of streptococcal tetM determinant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;30:664–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Knapp JS, Zenilman JM, Biddle JW, Perkins GH, DeWitt WE, Thomas ML, et al. Frequency and distribution in the United States of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with plasmid-mediated, high-level resistance to tetracycline. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:819–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae–Hawaii and California, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:1041–4.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010 oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:590–4.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:332–6.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Akasaka S, Muratani T, Yamada Y, Inatomi H, Takahashi K, Matsumoto T. Emergence of cephem- and aztreonam-high-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae that does not produce beta-lactamase. J Infect Chemother. 2001;7:49–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Unemo M, Golparian D, Syversen G, Vestrheim DF, Moi H. Two cases of verified clinical failures using internationally recommended first-line cefixime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010. Euro Surveill 2010;15.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Ison CA, Hussey J, Sankar KN, Evans J, Alexander S. Gonorrhoea treatment failures to cefixime and azithromycin in England, 2010. Euro Surveill 2011;16.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Unemo M, Golparian D, Nicholas R, Ohnishi M, Gallay A, Sednaoui P. High-level cefixime- and ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in France: novel penA mosaic allele in a successful international clone causes treatment failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:1273–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Katz AR, Komeya AY, Soge OO, Kiaha MI, Lee MV, Wasserman GM, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae with high-level resistance to azithromycin: case report of the first isolate identified in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:841–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men—United States, 2003, and revised recommendations for gonorrhea treatment, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:335–8.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Morse SA, Lysko PG, McFarland L, Knapp JS, Sandstrom E, Critchlow C, et al. Gonococcal strains from homosexual men have outer membranes with reduced permeability to hydrophobic molecules. Infect Immun. 1982;37:432–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Handsfield HH, Knapp JS, Diehr PK, Holmes KK. Correlation of auxotype and penicillin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with sexual preference and clinical manifestations of gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis. 1980;7:1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Kirkcaldy RD, Zaidi A, Hook EW 3rd, Holmes KK, Soge O, del Rio C, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005–2010. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:321–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Scott HM, Bernstein KT, Raymond HF, Kohn R, Klausner JD. Racial/ethnic and sexual behavior disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections, San Francisco, 1999–2008. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:315.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Weinstock H, Workowski KA. Pharyngeal gonorrhea: an important reservoir of infection? Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1798–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Fagan D. Comparison of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from homosexual and heterosexual men. Genitourin Med. 1985;61:363–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. McFarland L, Mietzner TA, Knapp JS, Sandstrom E, Holmes KK, Morse SA. Gonococcal sensitivity to fecal lipids can be mediated by an Mtr-independent mechanism. J Clin Microbiol. 1983;18:121–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Shafer WM, Balthazar JT, Hagman KE, Morse SA. Missense mutations that alter the DNA-binding domain of the MtrR protein occur frequently in rectal isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are resistant to faecal lipids. Microbiology. 1995;141(Pt 4):907–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lahra MM, Ryder N, Whiley DM. A new multidrug-resistant strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Australia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1850–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kirkcaldy RD, Bolan GA, Wasserheit JN. Cephalosporin-resistant gonorrhea in North America. JAMA. 2013;309:185–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Truong HM, Kellogg T, Schwarcz S, Delgado V, Grant RM, Louie B, et al. Frequent international travel by men who have sex with men recently diagnosed with HIV-1: potential for transmission of primary HIV-1 drug resistance. J Travel Med. 2008;15:454–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Mansergh G, Colfax GN, Marks G, Rader M, Guzman R, Buchbinder S. The circuit party men’s health survey: findings and implications for gay and bisexual men. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:953–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Grov C, Rendina HJ, Breslow AS, Ventuneac A, Adelson S, Parsons JT. Characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) who attend sex parties: results from a national online sample in the USA. Sex Transm Infect. 2014;90:26–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Patel P, Taylor MM, Montoya JA, Hamburger ME, Kerndt PR, Holmberg SD. Circuit parties: sexual behaviors and HIV disclosure practices among men who have sex with men at the White Party, Palm Springs, California, 2003. AIDS Care. 2006;18:1046–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Wasserheit J, Shunemann H, Garcia P. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Geneva: World Health Oranization; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Manhart LE, Golden MR. An estimate of the proportion of symptomatic gonococcal, chlamydial and non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men: a case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:155–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Kirkcaldy RD, Kidd S, Weinstock HS, Papp JR, Bolan GA. Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the USA: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), January 2006–June 2012. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89 Suppl 4:iv5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Kidd S, Zaidi A, Asbel L, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities of pharyngeal, rectal, and urethral Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates among men who have sex with men. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:2588–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Ota KV, Fisman DN, Tamari IE, et al. Incidence and treatment outcomes of pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men who have sex with men: a 13-year retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1237–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Bissessor M, Whiley DM, Fairley CK, et al. Persistence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA following treatment for pharyngeal and rectal gonorrhea is influenced by antibiotic susceptibility and reinfection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:557–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Cunha CB, Friedman RK, de Boni RB, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:686.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. van Liere GA, van Rooijen MS, Hoebe CJ, Heijman T, de Vries HJ, Dukers-Muijrers NH. Prevalence of and factors associated with rectal-only chlamydia and gonorrhoea in women and in men who have sex with men. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0140297.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Huffam S, Chow EP, Fairley CK, Hocking J, Peel J, Chen M. Chlamydia infection in individuals reporting contact with sexual partners with chlamydia: a cross-sectional study of sexual health clinic attendees. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91:434–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. van Rooijen MS, van der Loeff MF, Morre SA, van Dam AP, Speksnijder AG, de Vries HJ. Spontaneous pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis RNA clearance. A cross-sectional study followed by a cohort study of untreated STI clinic patients in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Sex Transm Infect 2015;91:157–64.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Tipple C, Hill SC, Smith A. Is screening for pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis warranted in high-risk groups? Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21:770–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Annan NT, Sullivan AK, Nori A, et al. Rectal chlamydia—a reservoir of undiagnosed infection in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85:176–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Chow EP, Camilleri S, Ward C, et al. Duration of gonorrhoea and chlamydia infection at the pharynx and rectum among men who have sex with men: a systematic review. Sex Health 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Korenromp EL, Sudaryo MK, de Vlas SJ, et al. What proportion of episodes of gonorrhoea and chlamydia becomes symptomatic? Int J STD AIDS. 2002;13:91–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Quinn TC, Goodell SE, Mkrtichian E, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis proctitis. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:195–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Lau CY, Qureshi AK. Azithromycin versus doxycycline for genital chlamydial infections: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:497–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Barbee LA, Manhart LE, Golden MR. Comparing azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of rectal chlamydial infection: a retrospective cohort study. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41:79–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Hathorn E, Opie C, Goold P. What is the appropriate treatment for the management of rectal Chlamydia trachomatis in men and women? Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88:352–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Childs T, Simms I, Alexander S, Eastick K, Hughes G, Field N. Rapid increase in lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men, United Kingdom, 2003 to September 2015. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:30076.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. de Voux A, Kent JB, Macomber K, et al. Notes from the field: cluster of Lymphogranuloma venereum cases among men who have sex with men—Michigan, August 2015–April 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:920–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. McLean CA, Stoner BP, Workowski KA. Treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(Suppl 3):S147–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. de Vrieze NH, van Rooijen M, Schim van der Loeff MF, de Vries HJ. Anorectal and inguinal lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam, The Netherlands: trends over time, symptomatology and concurrent infections. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:548–52.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Hamill M, Benn P, Carder C, et al. The clinical manifestations of anorectal infection with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) versus non-LGV strains of Chlamydia trachomatis: a case-control study in homosexual men. Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18:472–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Ward H, Martin I, Macdonald N, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum in the United kingdom. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:26–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Martin-Iguacel R, Llibre JM, Nielsen H, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctocolitis: a silent endemic disease in men who have sex with men in industrialised countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:917–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Haar K, Dudareva-Vizule S, Wisplinghoff H, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum in men screened for pharyngeal and rectal infection, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:488–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Hill SC, Hodson L, Smith A. An audit on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum in a sexual health clinic in London, UK. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21:772–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. de Vries HJ, Morre SA, White JA, Moi H. European guideline for the management of lymphogranuloma venereum, 2010. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21:533–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Mechai F, de Barbeyrac B, Aoun O, Merens A, Imbert P, Rapp C. Doxycycline failure in lymphogranuloma venereum. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86:278–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Jansen K, Schmidt AJ, Drewes J, Bremer V, Marcus U. Increased incidence of syphilis in men who have sex with men and risk management strategies, Germany, 2015. Euro Surveill. 2016;21.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Park H, Konda KA, Roberts CP, et al. Risk factors associated with incident syphilis in a cohort of high-risk men in Peru. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0162156.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Read P, Fairley CK, Chow EP. Increasing trends of syphilis among men who have sex with men in high income countries. Sex Health 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Burchell AN, Allen VG, Gardner SL, et al. High incidence of diagnosis with syphilis co-infection among men who have sex with men in an HIV cohort in Ontario, Canada. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:356.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Cohen SE, Chew Ng RA, Katz KA, et al. Repeat syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2002–2006: implications for syphilis elimination efforts. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:e1–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Blank S, Shepard C, Schillinger JA. The high risk of an HIV diagnosis following a diagnosis of syphilis: a population-level analysis of New York City men. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:281–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, et al. Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1020–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Hay PE, Tam FW, Kitchen VS, Horner S, Bridger J, Weber J. Gummatous lesions in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis. Genitourin Med. 1990;66:374–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Kitchen VS, Cook T, Doble A, Harris JR. Gummatous penile ulceration and generalised lymphadenopathy in homosexual man: case report. Genitourin Med. 1988;64:276–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Garcia-Silva J, Velasco-Benito JA, Pena-Penabad C. Primary syphilis with multiple chancres and porphyria cutanea tarda in an HIV-infected patient. Dermatology. 1994;188:163–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Schofer H, Imhof M, Thoma-Greber E, et al. Active syphilis in HIV infection: a multicentre retrospective survey. The German AIDS Study Group (GASG). Genitourin Med. 1996;72:176–81.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. Tucker SC, Yates VM, Thambar IV. Unusual skin ulceration in an HIV-positive patient who had cutaneous syphilis and neurosyphilis. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136:946–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Gregory N, Sanchez M, Buchness MR. The spectrum of syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:1061–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Don PC, Rubinstein R, Christie S. Malignant syphilis (lues maligna) and concurrent infection with HIV. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34:403–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Rademacher SE, Radolf JD. Prominent osseous and unusual dermatologic manifestations of early syphilis in two patients with discordant serological statuses for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:462–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Poliseli R, Vidal JE, Penalva De Oliveira AC, Hernandez AV. Neurosyphilis in HIV-infected patients: clinical manifestations, serum venereal disease research laboratory titers, and associated factors to symptomatic neurosyphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35:425–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Woolston SL, Dhanireddy S, Marrazzo J. Ocular syphilis: a clinical review. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2016;18:36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Oliver SE, Aubin M, Atwell L, et al. Ocular syphilis—eight jurisdictions, United States, 2014–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1185–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Tucker JD, Li JZ, Robbins GK, et al. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected patients: a systematic analysis of the literature. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87:4–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Li JZ, Tucker JD, Lobo AM, et al. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:468–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  185. Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet. 2007;370:2127–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Remis RS, Liu J, Loutfy MR, et al. Prevalence of sexually transmitted viral and bacterial infections in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Toronto. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0158090.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Bohl DD, Katz KA, Bernstein K, et al. Prevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type-2 infection among men who have sex with men, San Francisco, 2008. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:617–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Hill C, McKinney E, Lowndes CM, et al. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1 amongst men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics in England and Wales: implications for HIV prevention and management. Euro Surveill. 2009;14.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Ryder N, Jin F, McNulty AM, Grulich AE, Donovan B. Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992–2006. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85:416–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Lafferty WE, Coombs RW, Benedetti J, Critchlow C, Corey L. Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection. Influence of site of infection and viral type. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1444–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Engelberg R, Carrell D, Krantz E, Corey L, Wald A. Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:174–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Desai DV, Kulkarni SS. Herpes simplex virus: the interplay between HSV, host, and HIV-1. Viral Immunol. 2015;28:546–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Freeman EE, Weiss HA, Glynn JR, Cross PL, Whitworth JA, Hayes RJ. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS. 2006;20:73–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Schacker T, Zeh J, Hu HL, Hill E, Corey L. Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 reactivations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1616–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Tobian AA, Grabowski MK, Serwadda D, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2 after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:839–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  196. Posavad CM, Wald A, Kuntz S, et al. Frequent reactivation of herpes simplex virus among HIV-1-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:693–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Van Wagoner NJ, Hook EW 3rd. Herpes diagnostic tests and their use. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14:175–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Biraro S, Mayaud P, Morrow RA, Grosskurth H, Weiss HA. Performance of commercial herpes simplex virus type-2 antibody tests using serum samples from Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:140–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Smith JS, Bailey RC, Westreich DJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody detection performance in Kisumu, Kenya, using the Herpeselect ELISA, Kalon ELISA, Western blot and inhibition testing. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85:92–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Gamiel JL, Tobian AA, Laeyendecker OB, et al. Improved performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and the effect of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection on the serologic detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Rakai, Uganda. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:888–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  201. Force USPST, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Serologic screening for genital herpes infection: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 2016;316:2525–30.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Martin ET, Krantz E, Gottlieb SL, et al. A pooled analysis of the effect of condoms in preventing HSV-2 acquisition. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1233–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  203. Mujugira A, Magaret AS, Celum C, et al. Daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) transmission from HSV-2/HIV-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1366–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  204. Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:11–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Zuckerman RA, Lucchetti A, Whittington WL, et al. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) suppression with valacyclovir reduces rectal and blood plasma HIV-1 levels in HIV-1/HSV-2-seropositive men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1500–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Nagot N, Ouedraogo A, Foulongne V, et al. Reduction of HIV-1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:790–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Baeten JM, Strick LB, Lucchetti A, et al. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-suppressive therapy decreases plasma and genital HIV-1 levels in HSV-2/HIV-1 coinfected women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:1804–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  208. Celum C, Wald A, Lingappa JR, et al. Acyclovir and transmission of HIV-1 from persons infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:427–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  209. Piret J, Boivin G. Antiviral drug resistance in herpesviruses other than cytomegalovirus. Rev Med Virol. 2014;24:186–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Safrin S, Crumpacker C, Chatis P, et al. A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:551–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Levin MJ, Bacon TH, Leary JJ. Resistance of herpes simplex virus infections to nucleoside analogues in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(Suppl 5):S248–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. van de Laar TJ, Richel O. Emerging viral STIs among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: the era of hepatitis C virus and human papillomavirus. Sex Transm Infect 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Chesson HW, Dunne EF, Hariri S, Markowitz LE. The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41:660–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Brickman C, Palefsky JM. Human papillomavirus in the HIV-infected host: epidemiology and pathogenesis in the antiretroviral era. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12:6–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Nyitray AG, Chang M, Villa LL, et al. The natural history of genital human papillomavirus among HIV-negative men having sex with men and men having sex with women. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:202–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  216. Muller EE, Rebe K, Chirwa TF, Struthers H, McIntyre J, Lewis DA. The prevalence of human papillomavirus infections and associated risk factors in men-who-have-sex-with-men in Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:440.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  217. Nyitray AG, Carvalho da Silva RJ, Baggio ML, et al. Age-specific prevalence of and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with women and men who have sex with men: the HPV in men (HIM) study. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:49–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  218. Goldstone S, Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:66–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  219. King EM, Oomeer S, Gilson R, et al. Oral human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0157976.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Blas MM, Brown B, Menacho L, Alva IE, Silva-Santisteban A, Carcamo C. HPV prevalence in multiple anatomical sites among men who have sex with men in Peru. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0139524.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Park IU, Introcaso C, Dunne EF. Human papillomavirus and genital warts: a review of the evidence for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 8):S849–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Schlecht HP, Fugelso DK, Murphy RK, et al. Frequency of occult high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer within anal condylomata in men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:107–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  223. D’Souza G, Wentz A, Wiley D, et al. Anal cancer screening in men who have sex with men in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:570–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Schofield AM, Sadler L, Nelson L, et al. A prospective study of anal cancer screening in HIV-positive and negative MSM. AIDS. 2016;30:1375–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Petrosky E, Bocchini JA Jr, Hariri S, et al. Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:300–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Kahn J. Preventing hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infections among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1382–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Mackinney-Novelo I, Barahona-Garrido J, Castillo-Albarran F, et al. Clinical course and management of acute hepatitis A infection in adults. Ann Hepatol. 2012;11:652–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Urbanus AT, van Houdt R, van de Laar TJ, Coutinho RA. Viral hepatitis among men who have sex with men, epidemiology and public health consequences. Euro Surveill 2009;14.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Hepatitis A vaccination of men who have sex with men—Atlanta, Georgia, 1996–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998;47:708–11.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Stokes ML, Ferson MJ, Young LC. Outbreak of hepatitis A among homosexual men in Sydney. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:2039–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  231. Sfetcu O, Irvine N, Ngui SL, Emerson C, McCaughey C, Donaghy P. Hepatitis A outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men in Northern Ireland, October 2008 to July 2009. Euro Surveill 2011;16.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Ida S, Tachikawa N, Nakajima A, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on acute hepatitis A virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:379–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Sjogren MHaB JT. Hepatitis A. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt, LJ, editors. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc; 2016:1302–8.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States—2016. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016. At https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/adult/adult-combined-schedule.pdf.

  235. Mena G, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Bayas JM. Hepatitis B and A vaccination in HIV-infected adults: a review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11:2582–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  236. Cheng A, Chang SY, Sun HY, et al. Long-term durability of responses to 2 or 3 doses of hepatitis A vaccination in HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Gerin JL, et al. Transmission of hepatitis B to chimpanzees by hepatitis B surface antigen-positive saliva and semen. Infect Immun. 1977;16:928–33.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  238. Busch K, Thimme R. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015;204:5–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Thio CL, Hawkins C. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus. In: Bennett JE, editor. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectiosu diseases, updated edition, eight edicition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Sherman M. Strategies for managing coinfection with hepatitis B virus and HIV. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009;76(Suppl 3):S30–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Geretti AM, Doyle T. Immunization for HIV-positive individuals. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:32–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Serpelloni G, et al. Serologic response to hepatitis B vaccine with high dose and increasing number of injections in HIV infected adult patients. Vaccine. 2009;27:17–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Lopes VB, Hassing RJ, de Vries-Sluijs TE, et al. Long-term response rates of successful hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected patients. Vaccine. 2013;31:1040–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Launay O, Rosenberg AR, Rey D, et al. Long-term immune response to hepatitis B virus vaccination regimens in adults with human immunodeficiency virus 1: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:603–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Chan DP, Sun HY, Wong HT, Lee SS, Hung CC. Sexually acquired hepatitis C virus infection: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;49:47–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Nelson PK, Mathers BM, Cowie B, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews. Lancet. 2011;378:571–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  248. Urbanus AT, Van De Laar TJ, Geskus R, et al. Trends in hepatitis C virus infections among MSM attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic; 1995–2010. AIDS. 2014;28:781–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Hagan H, Jordan AE, Neurer J, Cleland CM. Incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2015;29:2335–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  250. Foster AL, Gaisa MM, Hijdra RM, et al. Shedding of hepatitis C virus into the rectum of HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:284–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Turner SS, Gianella S, Yip MJ, et al. Shedding of hepatitis C virus in semen of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016;3:ofw057.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Taylor LE, Swan T, Mayer KH. HIV coinfection with hepatitis C virus: evolving epidemiology and treatment paradigms. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(Suppl 1):S33–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  253. van de Laar TJ, van der Bij AK, Prins M, et al. Increase in HCV incidence among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam most likely caused by sexual transmission. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:230–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Bradshaw D, Matthews G, Danta M. Sexually transmitted hepatitis C infection: the new epidemic in MSM? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:66–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Schmidt AJ, Rockstroh JK, Vogel M, et al. Trouble with bleeding: risk factors for acute hepatitis C among HIV-positive gay men from Germany—a case-control study. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e17781.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  256. Ndimbie OK, Kingsley LA, Nedjar S, Rinaldo CR. Hepatitis C virus infection in a male homosexual cohort: risk factor analysis. Genitourin Med. 1996;72:213–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  257. Forrest DW, Metsch LR, LaLota M, Cardenas G, Beck DW, Jeanty Y. Crystal methamphetamine use and sexual risk behaviors among HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men in South Florida. J Urban Health. 2010;87:480–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  258. Kirby T, Thornber-Dunwell M. High-risk drug practices tighten grip on London gay scene. Lancet. 2013;381:101–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Briat A, Dulioust E, Galimand J, et al. Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin. AIDS. 2005;19:1827–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Vogel M, Deterding K, Wiegand J, et al. Initial presentation of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals-experience from 2 large German networks on the study of acute HCV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:317–9; author reply 9.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology. 1999;30:1054–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Smith BD, Morgan RL, Beckett GA, et al. Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945–1965. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2012;61:1–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Moyer VA. Force USPST. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:349–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. HCV Guidance: recommendations for testing, managaing, and treating hepatitis C. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2016. At http://hcvguidelines.org.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicholas Van Wagoner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Van Wagoner, N., Mayer, K.H. (2017). Sexually Transmitted Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men. In: Bachmann, L. (eds) Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Special Populations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56694-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56694-8_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56692-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56694-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics