Abstract
The metabolome of an organism represents the readout of its biochemistry comprising numerous and tightly regulated metabolic pathways. Experimental analysis of the metabolome and its interpretation in a biochemically and physiologically meaningful context is focused by the research field of metabolomics which has become an integral part of many systems biological studies. Pollen development, germination and tube growth comprise numerous steps of metabolic regulation resulting in significant metabolome dynamics. To unravel involved regulatory molecular processes and to promote the understanding of developmental reprogramming and stress tolerance mechanisms in pollen, it is crucial to quantitatively resolve dynamics in the pollen metabolome. Since these dynamics affect various substance groups with different physico-chemical properties, different experimental platforms are needed for robust compound identification and quantification. It has been shown that developmentally and stress-induced metabolic reprogramming in pollen significantly affects the redox homeostasis as well as metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, polyamines, flavonoids and phytohormones. In this chapter, mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming are summarized and discussed in the context of pollen development and stress exposure. Finally, it is discussed how these metabolome dynamics can be resolved methodologically in order to unravel molecular physiological mechanisms of pollen development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- GA:
-
Gibberellic acid
- GABA:
-
γ-Aminobutyric acid
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- HXK:
-
Hexokinase
- Inv:
-
Invertase
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- NAD+/NADH+H+ :
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized and reduced form)
- STP:
-
Sugar transport protein
- SuSy:
-
Sucrose synthase
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
References
Alcázar R, Tiburcio AF (2016) Polyamines in stress protection: applications in agriculture. In: Abiotic stress response in plants. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 411–422
Alcázar R, Altabella T, Marco F, Bortolotti C, Reymond M, Koncz C, Carrasco P, Tiburcio AF (2010) Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Planta 231:1237–1249
Aloisi I, Cai G, Tumiatti V, Minarini A, Del Duca S (2015) Natural polyamines and synthetic analogs modify the growth and the morphology of Pyrus communis pollen tubes affecting ROS levels and causing cell death. Plant Sci 239:92–105
Aloisi I, Cai G, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S (2016) Polyamines in pollen: from microsporogenesis to fertilization. Front Plant Sci 7:155. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00155
Aya K, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Kondo M, Hamada K, Yano K, Nishimura M, Matsuoka M (2009) Gibberellin modulates anther development in rice via the transcriptional regulation of GAMYB. Plant Cell 21:1453–1472
Baker HG, Baker I (1979) Starch in angiosperm pollen grains and its evolutionary significance. Am J Bot 66:591–600
Barnabas B, Fridvalszky L (1984) Adhesion and germination of differently treated maize pollen grains on the stigma. Acta Bot Hungar 30:329–332
Biancucci M, Mattioli R, Forlani G, Funck D, Costantino P, Trovato M (2015) Role of proline and GABA in sexual reproduction of angiosperms. Front Plant Sci 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00680
Borg M, Brownfield L, Twell D (2009) Male gametophyte development: a molecular perspective. J Exp Bot 60:1465–1478
Bosco CD, Dovzhenko A, Liu X, Woerner N, Rensch T, Eismann M, Eimer S, Hegermann J, Paponov IA, Ruperti B (2012) The endoplasmic reticulum localized PIN8 is a pollen-specific auxin carrier involved in intracellular auxin homeostasis. Plant J 71:860–870
Burbulis IE, Iacobucci M, Shirley BW (1996) A null mutation in the first enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis does not affect male fertility in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 8:1013–1025
Cecchetti V, Altamura MM, Falasca G, Costantino P, Cardarelli M (2008) Auxin regulates Arabidopsis anther dehiscence, pollen maturation, and filament elongation. Plant Cell 20:1760–1774
Chen D, Zhao J (2008) Free IAA in stigmas and styles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Nicotiana tabacum. Physiol Plant 134:202–215
Cheung AY, Wu H-M (2008) Structural and signaling networks for the polar cell growth machinery in pollen tubes. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:547–572
Cheung AY, Wu H-M (2016) Plant biology: LURE is bait for multiple receptors. Nature 531:178–180
Chhun T, Aya K, Asano K, Yamamoto E, Morinaka Y, Watanabe M, Kitano H, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M (2007) Gibberellin regulates pollen viability and pollen tube growth in rice. Plant Cell 19:3876–3888
Claeys H, De Bodt S, Inzé D (2014) Gibberellins and DELLAs: central nodes in growth regulatory networks. Trends Plant Sci 19:231–239
Clément C, Audran JC (1995) Anther wall layers control pollen sugar nutrition in Lilium. Protoplasma 187:172–181
Clement C, Burrus M, Audran J-C (1996) Floral organ growth and carbohydrate content during pollen development in Lilium. Am J Bot 83:459–469
Clément C, Mischler P, Burrus M, Audran J-C (1997) Characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus and CO2-fixation in the flower bud of Lilium. II. Anther. Int J Plant Sci 158:801–810
Clément C, Laporte P, Audran J (1998) The loculus content and tapetum during pollen development in Lilium. Sex Plant Reprod 11:94–106
Datta R, Chamusco KC, Chourey PS (2002) Starch biosynthesis during pollen maturation is associated with altered patterns of gene expression in maize. Plant Physiol 130:1645–1656
David-Schwartz R, Weintraub L, Vidavski R, Zemach H, Murakhovsky L, Swartzberg D, Granot D (2013) The SIFRK4 promoter is active only during late stages of pollen and anther development. Plant Sci 199:61–70
De Storme N, Geelen D (2014) The impact of environmental stress on male reproductive development in plants: biological processes and molecular mechanisms. Plant Cell Environ 37:1–18
Dekkers BJ, Schuurmans JA, Smeekens SC (2008) Interaction between sugar and abscisic acid signalling during early seedling development in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 67:151–167
Del Duca S, Serafini-Fracassini D, Bonner P, Cresti M, Cai G (2009) Effects of post-translational modifications catalysed by pollen transglutaminase on the functional properties of microtubules and actin filaments. Biochem J 418:651–664
Di Sandro A, Del Duca S, Verderio E, Hargreaves AJ, Scarpellini A, Cai G, Cresti M, Faleri C, Iorio RA, Hirose S (2010) An extracellular transglutaminase is required for apple pollen tube growth. Biochem J 429:261–271
Ding Z, Wang B, Moreno I, Duplakova N, Simon S, Carraro N, Reemmer J, Pencik A, Chen X, Tejos R, Skupa P, Pollmann S, Mravec J, Petrasek J, Zazimalova E, Honys D, Rolcik J, Murphy A, Orellana A, Geisler M, Friml J (2012) ER-localized auxin transporter PIN8 regulates auxin homeostasis and male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 3:941. doi:10.1038/ncomms1941
Doerfler H, Lyon D, Nägele T, Sun X, Fragner L, Hadacek F, Egelhofer V, Weckwerth W (2013) Granger causality in integrated GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomics data reveals the interface of primary and secondary metabolism. Metabolomics 9:564–574
Dorion S, Lalonde S, Saini HS (1996) Induction of male sterility in wheat by meiotic-stage water deficit is preceded by a decline in invertase activity and changes in carbohydrate metabolism in anthers. Plant Physiol 111:137–145
Dresselhaus T, Franklin-Tong N (2013) Male–female crosstalk during pollen germination, tube growth and guidance, and double fertilization. Mol Plant 6:1018–1036
Du F, Ruan G, Liu H (2012) Analytical methods for tracing plant hormones. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:55–74
Dupl'akova N, Dobrev PI, Renak D, Honys D (2016) Rapid separation of Arabidopsis male gametophyte developmental stages using a Percoll gradient. Nat Protoc 11:1817–1832
Fait A, Fromm H, Walter D, Galili G, Fernie AR (2008) Highway or byway: the metabolic role of the GABA shunt in plants. Trends Plant Sci 13:14–19
Fellenberg C, Vogt T (2015) Evolutionarily conserved phenylpropanoid pattern on angiosperm pollen. Trends Plant Sci 20:212–218
Feng X-L, Ni W-M, Elge S, Mueller-Roeber B, Xu Z-H, Xue H-W (2006) Auxin flow in anther filaments is critical for pollen grain development through regulating pollen mitosis. Plant Mol Biol 61:215–226
Fiehn O (2002) Metabolomics--the link between genotypes and phenotypes. Plant Mol Biol 48:155–171
Firon N, Nepi M, Pacini E (2012) Water status and associated processes mark critical stages in pollen development and functioning. Ann Bot 109:1201–1214
Fragner L, Furuhashi T, Weckwerth W (2014) Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for metabolomics research. In: Dettmer-Wilde K, Engewald W (eds) Practical gas chromatography. Springer, Berlin, pp 783–797
Franklin-Tong VE (1999) Signaling and the modulation of pollen tube growth. Plant Cell 11:727–738
Fu J, Sun X, Wang J, Chu J, Yan C (2011) Progress in quantitative analysis of plant hormones. Chin Sci Bull 56:355–366
Gass N, Glagotskaia T, Mellema S, Stuurman J, Barone M, Mandel T, Roessner-Tunali U, Kuhlemeier C (2005) Pyruvate decarboxylase provides growing pollen tubes with a competitive advantage in Petunia. Plant Cell 17:2355–2368
Gibson SI (2004) Sugar and phytohormone response pathways: navigating a signalling network. J Exp Bot 55:253–264
Goetz M, Godt DE, Guivarc'h A, Kahmann U, Chriqui D, Roitsch T (2001) Induction of male sterility in plants by metabolic engineering of the carbohydrate supply. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6522–6527
Hedhly A, Vogler H, Schmid MW, Pazmino D, Gagliardini V, Santelia D, Grossniklaus U (2016) Starch turnover and metabolism during flower and early embryo development. Plant Physiol 172:2388–2402
Heslop-Harrison J (1968) Pollen wall development. Science 161:230–237
Higashiyama T, Takeuchi H (2015) The mechanism and key molecules involved in pollen tube guidance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 66:393–413
Hiscock SJ, Allen AM (2008) Diverse cell signalling pathways regulate pollen-stigma interactions: the search for consensus. New Phytol 179:286–317
Hsieh K, Huang AH (2007) Tapetosomes in Brassica tapetum accumulate endoplasmic reticulum–derived flavonoids and alkanes for delivery to the pollen surface. Plant Cell 19:582–596
Ischebeck T (2016) Lipids in pollen – they are different. Biochim Biophys Acta 1861:1315–1328
Ishiguro S, Kawai-Oda A, Ueda J, Nishida I, Okada K (2001) The DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 gene encodes a novel phospholipase A1 catalyzing the initial step of jasmonic acid biosynthesis, which synchronizes pollen maturation, anther dehiscence, and flower opening in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 13:2191–2209
Jessen D, Olbrich A, Knüfer J, Krüger A, Hoppert M, Polle A, Fulda M (2011) Combined activity of LACS1 and LACS4 is required for proper pollen coat formation in Arabidopsis. Plant J 68:715–726
Ji X, Dong B, Shiran B, Talbot MJ, Edlington JE, Hughes T, White RG, Gubler F, Dolferus R (2011) Control of abscisic acid catabolism and abscisic acid homeostasis is important for reproductive stage stress tolerance in cereals. Plant Physiol 156:647–662
Jung K-H, Han M-J, Lee D-Y, Lee Y-S, Schreiber L, Franke R, Faust A, Yephremov A, Saedler H, Kim Y-W (2006) Wax-deficient anther1 is involved in cuticle and wax production in rice anther walls and is required for pollen development. Plant Cell 18:3015–3032
Keijzer C (1987) The processes of anther dehiscence and pollen dispersal. New Phytol 105:487–498
Kim Y, Song K, Cheong H (1996) Effects of flavonoids on pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Plant Biol 39:273–278
Kirichenko E, Krendeleva T, Kukarskikh G, Nizovskaya N (1993) Photochemical activity in chloroplasts of anthers and caryopsis pericarp in cereals. Russ Plant Physiol 40:229–233
Labarca C, Loewus F (1973) The nutritional role of pistil exudate in pollen tube wall formation in Lilium longiflorum II. Production and utilization of exudate from stigma and stylar canal. Plant Physiol 52:87–92
Liu J, Lindsey K, Hussey PJ (2014) Elucidating the regulation of complex signalling systems in plant cells. Biochem Soc Trans 42:219–223
Mascarenhas JP (1993) Molecular mechanisms of pollen tube growth and differentiation. Plant Cell 5:1303–1314
Mellema S, Eichenberger W, Rawyler A, Suter M, Tadege M, Kuhlemeier C (2002) The ethanolic fermentation pathway supports respiration and lipid biosynthesis in tobacco pollen. Plant J 30:329–336
Miller WB, Ranwala AP (1994) Characterization and localization of three soluble invertase forms from Lilium longiflorum flower buds. Physiol Plant 92:247–253
Misra BB, Assmann SM, Chen S (2014) Plant single-cell and single-cell-type metabolomics. Trends Plant Sci 19:637–646
Mo Y, Nagel C, Taylor LP (1992) Biochemical complementation of chalcone synthase mutants defines a role for flavonols in functional pollen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:7213–7217
Murase K, Hirano Y, T-p S, Hakoshima T (2008) Gibberellin-induced DELLA recognition by the gibberellin receptor GID1. Nature 456:459–463
Murphy D (2006) The extracellular pollen coat in members of the Brassicaceae: composition, biosynthesis, and functions in pollination. Protoplasma 228:31–39
Nägele T, Stutz S, Hörmiller I, Heyer AG (2012) Identification of a metabolic bottleneck for cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 72:102–114
Napoli CA, Fahy D, Wang H-Y, Taylor LP (1999) White anther: a petunia mutant that abolishes pollen flavonol accumulation, induces male sterility, and is complemented by a chalcone synthase transgene. Plant Physiol 120:615–622
Obermeyer G, Fragner L, Lang V, Weckwerth W (2013) Dynamic adaption of metabolic pathways during germination and growth of lily pollen tubes after inhibition of the electron transport chain. Plant Physiol 162:1822–1833
Oliver SN, Dennis ES, Dolferus R (2007) ABA regulates apoplastic sugar transport and is a potential signal for cold-induced pollen sterility in rice. Plant Cell Physiol 48:1319–1330
Owen HA, Makaroff C (1995) Ultrastructure of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ecotype Wassilewskija (Brassicaceae). Protoplasma 185:7–21
Pacini E (2000) From anther and pollen ripening to pollen presentation. In: Pollen and pollination. Springer, Wien, pp 19–43
Pacini E, Hesse M (2005) Pollenkitt–its composition, forms and functions. Flora 200:399–415
Pacini E, Guarnieri M, Nepi M (2006) Pollen carbohydrates and water content during development, presentation, and dispersal: a short review. Protoplasma 228:73–77
Palanivelu R, Brass L, Edlund AF, Preuss D (2003) Pollen tube growth and guidance is regulated by POP2, an Arabidopsis gene that controls GABA levels. Cell 114:47–59
Plackett AR, Ferguson AC, Powers SJ, Wanchoo-Kohli A, Phillips AL, Wilson ZA, Hedden P, Thomas SG (2014) DELLA activity is required for successful pollen development in the Columbia ecotype of Arabidopsis. New Phytol 201:825–836
Qin P, Tu B, Wang Y, Deng L, Quilichini TD, Li T, Wang H, Ma B, Li S (2013) ABCG15 encodes an ABC transporter protein, and is essential for post-meiotic anther and pollen exine development in rice. Plant Cell Physiol 54:138–154
Quilichini TD, Grienenberger E, Douglas CJ (2015) The biosynthesis, composition and assembly of the outer pollen wall: a tough case to crack. Phytochemistry 113:170–182
Ramesh SA, Tyerman SD, Xu B, Bose J, Kaur S, Conn V, Domingos P, Ullah S, Wege S, Shabala S, Feijó JA, Ryan PR, Gilliham M (2015) GABA signalling modulates plant growth by directly regulating the activity of plant-specific anion transporters. Nat Commun 6:7879
Reichler SA, Torres J, Rivera AL, Cintolesi VA, Clark G, Roux SJ (2009) Intersection of two signalling pathways: extracellular nucleotides regulate pollen germination and pollen tube growth via nitric oxide. J Exp Bot 60:2129–2138
Reznickova S (1983) Metabolism of reserve substances in the developing anther. In: Erdelska O (ed) Fertilization and embryogenesis in ovulated plants. Veda, Bratislava, pp 57–62
Reznickova S, Dickinson H (1982) Ultrastructural aspects of storage lipid mobilization in the tapetum of Lilium hybrida var. enchantment. Planta 155:400–408
Reznickova S, Willemse M (1980) Formation of pollen in the anther of Lilium II. The function of the surrounding tissues in the formation of pollen and pollen wall. Acta Bot Neerl 29:141–156
Rottmann T, Zierer W, Subert C, Sauer N, Stadler R (2016) STP10 encodes a high-affinity monosaccharide transporter and is induced under low-glucose conditions in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 67:2387–2399
Rutley N, Twell D (2015) A decade of pollen transcriptomics. Plant Reprod 28:73–89
Sakata T, Oda S, Tsunaga Y, Shomura H, Kawagishi-Kobayashi M, Aya K, Saeki K, Endo T, Nagano K, Kojima M (2014) Reduction of gibberellin by low temperature disrupts pollen development in rice. Plant Physiol 164:2011–2019
Šamaj J, Müller J, Beck M, Böhm N, Menzel D (2006) Vesicular trafficking, cytoskeleton and signalling in root hairs and pollen tubes. Trends Plant Sci 11:594–600
Scherling C, Roscher C, Giavalisco P, Schulze ED, Weckwerth W (2010) Metabolomics unravel contrasting effects of biodiversity on the performance of individual plant species. PLoS One 5:e12569. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012569
Schijlen EG, de Vos CR, Martens S, Jonker HH, Rosin FM, Molthoff JW, Tikunov YM, Angenent GC, van Tunen AJ, Bovy AG (2007) RNA interference silencing of chalcone synthase, the first step in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, leads to parthenocarpic tomato fruits. Plant Physiol 144:1520–1530
Scott RJ, Spielman M, Dickinson HG (2004) Stamen structure and function. Plant Cell 16(Suppl):S46–S60
Sekiguchi Y, Mitsuhashi N, Inoue Y, Yagisawa H, Mimura T (2004) Analysis of sugar phosphates in plants by ion chromatography on a titanium dioxide column with pulsed amperometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1039:71–76
Sengupta A, Chakraborty M, Saha J, Gupta B, Gupta K (2016) Polyamines: osmoprotectants in plant abiotic stress adaptation. In: Osmolytes and plants acclimation to changing environment: emerging omics technologies. Springer, New Delhi, pp 97–127
Sharma KD, Nayyar H (2016) Regulatory networks in pollen development under cold stress. Front Plant Sci 7:402. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00402
Shi J, Cui M, Yang L, Kim Y-J, Zhang D (2015) Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of pollen wall development. Trends Plant Sci 20:741–753
Singh MB, Knox RB (1984) Invertases of Lilium pollen: characterization and activity during in vitro germination. Plant Physiol 74:510–515
Singh DP, Jermakow AM, Swain SM (2002) Gibberellins are required for seed development and pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14:3133–3147
Sivitz AB, Reinders A, Ward JM (2008) Arabidopsis sucrose transporter AtSUC1 is important for pollen germination and sucrose-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Plant Physiol 147:92–100
Speranza A, Calzoni G, Pacini E (1997) Occurrence of mono-or disaccharides and polysaccharide reserves in mature pollen grains. Sex Plant Reprod 10:110–115
Staiger D, Kappeler S, Müller M, Apel K (1994) The proteins encoded by two tapetum-specific transcripts, Satap35 and Satap44, from Sinapis alba L. are localized in the exine cell wall layer of developing microspores. Planta 192:221–231
Steinhorst L, Kudla J (2013) Calcium – a central regulator of pollen germination and tube growth. Biochim Biophys Acta 1833:1573–1581
Stobiecki M, Kachlicki P (2013) Liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of flavonoids. In: The handbook of plant metabolomics. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 197–213
Sturm A (1996) Molecular characterization and functional analysis of sucrose-cleaving enzymes in carrot (Daucus carota L.) J Exp Bot 47:1187–1192
Sturm A (1999) Invertases. Primary structures, functions, and roles in plant development and sucrose partitioning. Plant Physiol 121:1–8
Székely G, Ábrahám E, Cséplő Á, Rigó G, Zsigmond L, Csiszár J, Ayaydin F, Strizhov N, Jásik J, Schmelzer E (2008) Duplicated P5CS genes of Arabidopsis play distinct roles in stress regulation and developmental control of proline biosynthesis. Plant J 53:11–28
Tang R-S, Zheng J-C, Jin Z-Q, Zhang D-D, Huang Y-H, Chen L-G (2008) Possible correlation between high temperature-induced floret sterility and endogenous levels of IAA, GAs and ABA in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Growth Regul 54:37–43
Taylor LP, Grotewold E (2005) Flavonoids as developmental regulators. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:317–323
Tymowska-Lalanne Z, Kreis M (1998) The plant invertases: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Adv Bot Res 28:71–117
Valledor L, Escandón M, Meijón M, Nukarinen E, Cañal MJ, Weckwerth W (2014) A universal protocol for the combined isolation of metabolites, DNA, long RNAs, small RNAs, and proteins from plants and microorganisms. Plant J 79:173–180
Vogler F, Schmalzl C, Englhart M, Bircheneder M, Sprunck S (2014) Brassinosteroids promote Arabidopsis pollen germination and growth. Plant Reprod 27:153–167
Vu JCV, Yelenosky G, Bausher MG (1985) Photosynthetic activity in the flower buds of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck). Plant Physiol 78:420–423
Weckwerth W (2003) Metabolomics in systems biology. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:669–689
Weckwerth W (2011) Green systems biology – from single genomes, proteomes and metabolomes to ecosystems research and biotechnology. J Proteomics 75:284–305
Weckwerth W, Wenzel K, Fiehn O (2004) Process for the integrated extraction, identification and quantification of metabolites, proteins and RNA to reveal their co-regulation in biochemical networks. Proteomics 4:78–83
Wilhelmi LK, Preuss D (1996) Self-sterility in Arabidopsis due to defective pollen tube guidance. Science 274:1535–1537
Winkel-Shirley B (2001) Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 126:485–493
Winkel-Shirley B (2002) Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:218–223
Wolters-Arts M, Lush WM, Mariani C (1998) Lipids are required for directional pollen-tube growth. Nature 392:818–821
Wu J-Z, Lin Y, Zhang X-L, Pang D-W, Zhao J (2008) IAA stimulates pollen tube growth and mediates the modification of its wall composition and structure in Torenia fournieri. J Exp Bot 59:2529–2543
Wu J, Shang Z, Wu J, Jiang X, Moschou PN, Sun W, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA, Zhang S (2010) Spermidine oxidase-derived H2O2 regulates pollen plasma membrane hyperpolarization-activated Ca2+-permeable channels and pollen tube growth. Plant J 63:1042–1053
Wu L, Guan Y, Wu Z, Yang K, Lv J, Converse R, Huang Y, Mao J, Zhao Y, Wang Z (2014) OsABCG15 encodes a membrane protein that plays an important role in anther cuticle and pollen exine formation in rice. Plant Cell Rep 33:1881–1899
Ylstra B, Busscher J, Franken J, Hollman PC, Mol JN, Tunen AJ (1994) Flavonols and fertilization in Petunia hybrida: localization and mode of action during pollen tube growth. Plant J 6:201–212
Ylstra B, Muskens M, Van Tunen AJ (1996) Flavonols are not essential for fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 32:1155–1158
Ylstra B, Garrido D, Busscher J, van Tunen AJ (1998) Hexose transport in growing petunia pollen tubes and characterization of a pollen-specific, putative monosaccharide transporter. Plant Physiol 118:297–304
Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Nakabayashi R, Sugawara S, Tohge T, Ito T, Koyanagi M, Kitajima M, Takayama H, Saito K (2014) A flavonoid 3-O-glucoside: 2″-O-glucosyltransferase responsible for terminal modification of pollen-specific flavonols in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 79:769–782
Yu GH, Zou J, Feng J, Peng XB, Wu JY, Wu YL, Palanivelu R, Sun MX (2014) Exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) affects pollen tube growth via modulating putative Ca2+-permeable membrane channels and is coupled to negative regulation on glutamate decarboxylase. J Exp Bot 65:3235–3248
Zhu W, Ma S, Zhang G, Liu H, Ba Q, Li Z, Song Y, Zhang P, Niu N, Wang J (2015) Carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation during anther development disturbed by chemical hybridizing agent in wheat. Crop Sci 55:868–876
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nägele, T., Fragner, L., Chaturvedi, P., Ghatak, A., Weckwerth, W. (2017). Pollen Metabolome Dynamics: Biochemistry, Regulation and Analysis. In: Obermeyer, G., Feijó, J. (eds) Pollen Tip Growth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56645-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56645-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56644-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56645-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)