Skip to main content

Algorithms for People Recognition in Digital Images: A Systematic Review and Testing

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Recent Advances in Information Systems and Technologies (WorldCIST 2017)

Abstract

People recognition in digital images has wide applications and challenges. In this article, we present a systematic review of works published in the last decade; based on which, we have identified, implemented and tested the frequently used and best-assessed algorithms. We have found Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) like feature extraction algorithm; and two classification algorithms, AdaBoost and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The tests were performed on 50 images chosen randomly from Penn-Fudan public database. The accuracy in SVM-HOG combination was 0.96, it is a similar value to a related work; and the detection rate was 0.66 in SVM-HOG combination and 0.72 in Adaboost-HOG combination, they are inferior to related works. We shall discuss possible reasons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sharma, V., Davis, J., Tyagi, A.: Extraction of person silhouettes from surveillance imagery using MRFs. In: IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Balani, K., Deshpande, S., Nair, R., Rane, V.: Human detection for autonomous vehicles (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Moctezuma, D., Conde, C., Martín de Diego, I.: Person detection in surveillance environment with HoGG: gabor filters and histogram of oriented gradient. In: International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Do, T.D., Vu, T.L., Nguyen, V.H., Kim, H., Lee, C.: An efficient pedestrian detection approach using a novel split function of hough forests. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 8(4), 207–214 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Thao, N., Eun Ae, P., Jiho, H., Dong Chul, P., Soo Young, M.: Object detection using scale invariant feature transform, Switzerland (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kitchenham, B.A.: Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele University, Technical Report TR/SE-0401 and NICTA Technical Report 0400011T.1, 14 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Torgerson, C.: Systematic Reviews. Continuum, New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fawcett, T.: An Introduction to ROC Analysis (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Wu, Y., Yu, T.: A field model for human detection and tracking. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(5), 13 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hou, C., Ai, H., Lao, S.: Multiview pedestrian detection based on vector boosting. In: Yagi, Y., Kang, S.B., Kweon, I.S., Zha, H. (eds.) ACCV 2007. LNCS, vol. 4843, pp. 210–219. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76386-4_19

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Pang, J., Huang, Q., Jiang, S.: Multiple instance boost using graph embedding based decision stump for pedestrian detection. In: Forsyth, D., Torr, P., Zisserman, A. (eds.) ECCV 2008. LNCS, vol. 5305, pp. 541–552. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88693-8_40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Wang, X., X. Han, T., Yan, S.: An HOG-LBP human detector with partial occlusion handling. IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 32–39 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yu, J., Sugano, H., Miyamoto, R., Onoye, T.: Computationally efficient pedestrian detection based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo. In: Proceedings of the Second APSIPA Annual Summit and Conference, pp. 879–882 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yu, T., Fan, X., Shin, H.: An efficient pedestrian detection method by using coarse-to-fine detection and color histogram similarity. In: Lee, G., Howard, D., Kang, J.J., Ślęzak, D. (eds.) ICHIT 2012. LNCS, vol. 7425, pp. 357–364. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32645-5_45

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Kachouane, M., Sahki, S., Lakrouf, M., Ouadah, N.: HOG based fast human detection. In: 24th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM) (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Liu, Y., Zeng, L., Huang, Y.: An efficient HOG–ALBP feature for pedestrian detection. SIViP 8, 10 (2014). Springer

    Google Scholar 

  17. Takarli, F., Aghagolzadeh, A., Seyedarabi, H.: Combination of high-level features with low-level features for detection of pedestrian. SIViP 10, 93–101 (2014). Springer

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nguyen, T., Park, E.-A., Han, J., Park, D-C., Min, S-Y.: Object detection using scale invariant feature transform. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 238 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liu, H., Xu, T., Wang, X., Qian, Y.: A novel multi-feature descriptor for human detection using cascaded classifiers in static images. J. Sign. Process. Syst. 2015(81), 377–388 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Cheng, R., W, D.: An enhanced histogram of oriented gradients for pedestrian detection. IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 7, 29–38 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pang, Y., Cao,, Li, X.: Learning sampling distributions for efficient object detection. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 47, 1–13 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cao, X-B., Qiao, H., Keane, J.: A low-cost pedestrian-detection system with a single optical camera. IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Syst. 9(1), 58–67 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Snidaro, L., Visentini, I., Foresti, G.L.: Dynamic models for people detection and tracking. In: Fifth International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Li, C., Gou, L., Hu, Y.: A new method combining HOG and Kalman filter for video-based human detection and tracking. In: 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ali, A., Terada, K.: A general framework for multi-human tracking using Kalman filter and fast mean shift algorithms. J. Univ. Comput. Sci. 16(6), 921–937 (2010)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang, B., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, L.: Pedestrian detection based on the combination of HOG and background subtraction method. In: International Conference on Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering, Changchun (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gaikwad, V., Lokhande, S., Pravin, M.S.: New improved methodology for pedestrian detection in advanced driver assistance system. In: International Conference & Workshop on Recent Trends in Technology (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rajaei, A., Shayegh, H.: Human detection in semi-dense scenes using HOG descriptor and mixture of SVMs. In: 3rd International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering, Mashhad (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lim, J., Kim, W.: Detecting and tracking of multiple pedestrians using motion, color information and the AdaBoost algorithm. Multimed. Tools Appl. 65, 161–179 (2012). Springer

    Google Scholar 

  30. An, M.-S., Kang, D.-S.: A method of robust pedestrian tracking in video sequences based on interest point description. Intl. J. Multimed. Ubiquitous Eng. 10(10), 35–46 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yan, J., Yang, B., Lei, Z., Li, Stan Z.: Adaptive structural model for video based pedestrian detection. In: Cremers, D., Reid, I., Saito, H., Yang, M.-H. (eds.) ACCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 9003, pp. 211–226. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16865-4_14

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang, S., Klein, D., Bauckhage, C., Cremers, A.: Fast moving pedestrian detection based on motion segmentation and new motion features. Multimed. Tools Appl. 75, 6263–6283 (2015). New York

    Google Scholar 

  33. Zhu, S., Xia, L.: Human action recognition based on fusion features extraction of adaptive background subtraction and optical flow model. Math. Prob. Eng. 2015(387/464), 11 (2015). Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Wang, H., Chen, J., Fang, B., Dai, S.: Human detection algorithm based on edge symmetry, Switzerland (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Penn-Fudan Database. https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~jshi/ped_html/

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the partial financial support provided by the Escuela Politécnica Nacional for the development of the project PII-DICC-007-2015.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monserrate Intriago-Pazmiño .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Intriago-Pazmiño, M., Vargas-Sandoval, V., Moreno-Díaz, J., Salazar-Jácome, E., Salazar-Grandes, M. (2017). Algorithms for People Recognition in Digital Images: A Systematic Review and Testing. In: Rocha, Á., Correia, A., Adeli, H., Reis, L., Costanzo, S. (eds) Recent Advances in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 570. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56538-5_44

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56538-5_44

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56537-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56538-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics