Abstract
The severity factor developed by Chornet and Overend combines the effects of temperature and time in a single function to allow translation of sugar and oligomer release results from operation at one combination of temperature and time to realize nearly the same release at a different combination of these two variables. This factor has proven very valuable in correlating results from pretreatment of a variety of cellulosic biomass materials with just hot water or steam. The severity factor concept was subsequently extended to facilitate trading off among temperature, time, and acid concentration for pretreatments that employ dilute acid to hydrolyze hemicellulose. The resulting combined severity factor can be derived from simple first-order kinetic models that have been shown to describe sugar release from dilute acid pretreatment. In addition to describing hemicellulose sugar yields, it has been shown that the combined severity factor can provide some insights into expected sugar release yields from subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the solids left after dilute acid pretreatment. Furthermore, a simple adjustment in one parameter of the combined severity factor makes it possible to translate from one combination of temperature, time, and acid concentration conditions that maximizes yields from acid-catalyzed breakdown of xylooligomers released in hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass to a different set of conditions for maximum sugar release.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abatzoglou N, Chornet E, Belkacemi K, Overend RP (1992) Phenomenological kinetics of complex systems: the development of a generalized severity parameter and its application to lignocellulosics fractionation. Chem Eng Sci 47(5):1109–1122
Cai CM, Nagane N, Kumar R, Wyman CE (2014) Coupling of metal halides with a co-solvent to achieve co-production of furfural and HMF from lignocellulosic biomass. Paper presented at American Chemical Society, Division of Energy Fuels 59(1):352
Chum HL, Johnson DK, Black SK (1990) Organosolv pretreatment for enzymic hydrolysis of poplars. 2. Catalyst effects and the combined severity parameter. Ind Eng Chem Res 29(2):156–162
Foody P (1984) Method for increasing the accessibility of cellulose in lignocellulosic materials, particularly hardwoods agricultural residues and the like. US Patent 4461648
Grethlein HE, Converse AO (1991) Common aspects of acid prehydrolysis and steam explosion for pretreating wood. Biores Technol 36:77–82
Han YW, Callihan CD (1974) Cellulose fermentation. Effect of substrate pretreatment on microbial growth. Appl Microbiol 27(1):159–165
Humbird D, Davis R, Tao L, Kinchin C, Hsu D, Aden A, Schoen P, Lukas J, Olthof B, Worley M, Sexton D, Dudgeon D (2011) Process design and economics for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: dilute-acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. NREL Technical Report NREL/TP-5100-47764, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
Jacobsen S, Wyman C (2000) Cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis models for application to current and novel pretreatment processes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 84–86(1):81–96
Knappert DR, Grethlein HE, Converse AO (1980) Partial acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials as a pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis. In: Biotechnology bioengineering symposium, XXII, pp 1449–1463
Kobayashi T, Sakai Y 1956 Wood saccharification with strong sulfuric acid. IV. Hydrolysis rate of pentosan in dilute sulfuric acid. Mokuzai Toka Shingikai Hokoku, No. 5, p 1
Kumar R, Wyman CE (2009) Effect of enzyme supplementation at moderate cellulase loadings on initial glucose and xylose release from corn stover solids pretreated by leading technologies. Biotechnol Bioeng 102(2):457–467
Langholtz MH, Stokes BJ, Eaton LM (2016) 2016 Billion-ton report: advancing domestic resources for a thriving bioeconomy, vol 1: Economic availability of feedstocks
Li N, Tompsett GA, Zhang T, Shi J, Wyman CE, Huber GW (2011) Renewable gasoline from aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation of aqueous sugar solutions prepared by hydrolysis of maple wood. Green Chem 13(1):91–101
Lloyd TA, Wyman CE (2005) Combined sugar yields for dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining solids. Bioresour Technol 96(18):1967–1977
Lynd LR, Wyman CE, Gerngross TU (1999) Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnol Prog 15(5):777–793
Nguyen QA, Tucker MP, Keller FA, Eddy FP (2000) Two-stage dilute-acid pretreatment of softwoods. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 84-86:561–576
Overend RP, Chornet E (1987) Fractionation of lignocellulosics by steam-aqueous pretreatments. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A321:523–536
Overend R, Chornet E, Gascoigne J (1987) Fractionation of lignocellulosics by steam-aqueous pretreatments [and discussion]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 321:523–536
Qing Q, Yang B, Wyman CE (2010) Xylooligomers are strong inhibitors of cellulose hydrolysis by enzymes. Bioresour Technol 101(24):9624–9630
Rydholm SA (1985) Pulping processes. Robert Krieger Publishing, Malabar
Saeman JF (1945) Kinetics of wood hydrolysis – decomposition of sugars in dilute acid at high temperature. J Ind Eng Chem 37:43–52
Schell DJ, Farmer J, Newman M, McMillan JD (2003) Dilute-sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover in pilot-scale reactor – investigation of yields, kinetics, and enzymatic digestibilities of solids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 105:69–85
Sciamanna AF, Freitas RP, Wilke CR (1977) Composition and utilization of cellulose for chemicals from agricultural residues. LBL Technical Report LBL-5966, California University, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
Shi J, Ebrik MA, Wyman CE (2011) Sugar yields from dilute sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide pretreatments and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass. Bioresour Technol 102(19):8930–8938
Trajano HL, Wyman CE (2013) Fundamentals of biomass pretreatment at low pH. Wiley, Chichester, pp 103–128
Wright JD, Wyman CE 1988 Overview of acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosics to liquid fuels. Report SERI/SP-231-3245
Yan L, Zhang L, Yang B (2014) Enhancement of total sugar and lignin yields through dissolution of poplar wood by hot water and dilute acid flowthrough pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels 7(1):76
Yan L, Pu Y, Bowden M, Ragauskas AJ, Yang B (2015) Physiochemical characterization of lignocellulosic biomass dissolution by flowthrough pretreatment. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Yang B, Tucker M (2013) Laboratory pretreatment systems to understand biomass deconstruction. In: Aqueous pretreatment of plant biomass for biological and chemical conversion to fuels and chemicals. Wiley, Chichester, pp 489–521
Yang B, Wyman CE (2004) Effect of xylan and lignin removal by batch and flowthrough pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility of corn stover cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 86:88–95
Yang B, Wyman CE (2008) Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 2(1):26–40
Yang B, Wyman Charles E (2009) Dilute acid and autohydrolysis pretreatment. Methods Mol Biol 581:103–114
Zhang T, Kumar R, Tsai Y-D, Elander RT, Wyman CE (2015) Xylose yields and relationship to combined severity for dilute acid post-hydrolysis of xylooligomers from hydrothermal pretreatment of corn stover. Green Chem 17(1):394–403
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge support by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE Office of Science through the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC). We also appreciate the support by the Ford Motor Company of the Chair in Environmental Engineering at the University of California Riverside (UCR) and the Bioproduct Sciences and Engineering Laboratory and Department of Biological Systems Engineering at Washington State University (WSU) that augments our ability to undertake such reviews.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wyman, C.E., Yang, B. (2017). Combined Severity Factor for Predicting Sugar Recovery in Acid-Catalyzed Pretreatment Followed by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. In: Ruiz, H., Hedegaard Thomsen, M., Trajano, H. (eds) Hydrothermal Processing in Biorefineries. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56457-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56457-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56456-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56457-9
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)