Abstract
While once primarily dedicated to the entertainment of the public in Western societies, zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, and similar facilities now mostly self-identify as informal science or conservation education organizations. Parks and protected areas, within which wildlife-focused tourism often occurs, also identify education as a key part of their mission. Substantial educational research literature examines teaching and learning in such spaces, but largely fails to consider the real lived experiences of animals enrolled in these processes or to interrogate the hidden curriculum that can contradict intended messaging. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted at two sites, a public aquarium in southern California and a national marine park in Quebec that is a popular site for whalewatching, we demonstrate how animals are politically deployed in educational processes when interpreters at “edutainment” sites aim to teach science to the general public in the name of conservation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andrzejewski, J., Pedersen, H., & Wicklund, F. (2009). Interspecies education for humans, animals, and the earth. In J. Andrzejewski, M. P. Baltodano, & L. Symcox (Eds.), Social justice, peace, and environmental education (pp. 136–158). New York: Routledge.
Association of Zoos and Aquariums. (2015). Visitor demographics. Retrieved from https://www.aza.org/visitor-demographics/.
Bell, A. (1997). Natural history from a learner’s perspective. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 2, 132–144.
Braverman, I. (2013). Zooland: The institution of captivity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Brylde, M., & Lykke, N. (2000). Cosmodolphins: Feminist cultural studies of technology, animals and the sacred. New York: Routledge.
Clayton, S., Luebke, J., Saunders, C., Matiasek, J., & Grajal, A. (2014). Connecting to nature at the zoo: Implications for responding to climate change. Environmental Education Research, 20, 460–475. doi:10.1080/13504622.2013.816267.
Corman, L., & Vandrovcová, T. (2014). Radical humility: Toward a more holistic critical animal studies pedagogy. In A. Nocella II, J. Sorenson, K. Socha, & A. Matsuoka (Eds.), Defining critical animal studies: An introduction to an intersectional social justice approach to animal liberation (pp. 135–157). New York: Peter Lang.
Cronon, W. (1996). The trouble with wilderness: Or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History, 1, 7–28. doi:10.2307/3985059.
Desmond, J. (1999). Staging tourism: Bodies on display from Waikiki to Sea World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dierking, L. D., Burtnyk, K., Büchner, K. S., & Falk, J. H. (2001). Visitor learning in zoos and aquariums: A literature review. Annapolis: Institute for Learning Innovation.
Errick, J. (2013, April 3). Park service releases most-visited national park data for 2012. Retrieved from http://parkadvocate.org/park-service-releases-most-visited-national-park-data-for-2012/
Falk, J. H., Heimlich, J., & Bronnenkant, K. (2008). Using identity-related visit motivations as a tool for understanding adult zoo and aquarium visitors’ meaning making. Curator, 51, 55–79. doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.2008.tb00294.x.
Fawcett, L. (2013). Three degrees of separation: Accounting for naturecultures in environmental education research. In R. Stevenson, M. Brody, J. Dillon, & A. Wals (Eds.), International handbook of research on environmental education (pp. 409–417). New York: Routledge.
Fletcher, R. (2015). Nature is a nice place to save but I wouldn’t want to live there: Environmental education and the ecotourist gaze. Environmental Education Research, 21(3), 338–350. doi:10.1080/13504622.2014.993930.
Gannon S. (2015). Saving squawk? Animal and human entanglement at the edge of the lagoon. Environmental Education Research, 23(1), 91–110. doi:10.1080/13504622.2015.1101752.
Hanson, E. (2002). Animal attractions: Nature on display in American zoos. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Higham, J. E. S., & Lusseau, D. (2007). Urgent need for empirical research into whaling and whale watching. Conservation Biology, 21, 554–558. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00580.x.
International Ecotourism Society (2015). What is ecotourism? Retrieved from http://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism
Kahn, R. (2010). Critical pedagogy, ecoliteracy, and planetary crisis: The ecopedagogy movement. New York: Peter Lang.
Kalland, A. (1993). Management by totemization: Whale symbolism and the anti-whaling campaign. Arctic, 48, 124–133. doi:10.14430/arctic1333.
Kincheloe, J. L. (2008). Critical pedagogy primer. New York: Peter Lang.
Lloro-Bidart, T. (2014). They call them ‘good-luck polka dots’: Disciplining bodies, bird biopower, and human-animal relationships at the Aquarium of the Pacific. Journal of Political Ecology, 21, 389–407.
Lloro-Bidart, T. (2015a). A political ecology of education in/for the Anthropocene. Environment and Society: Advances in Research, 6, 128–148. doi:10.3167/ares.2015.060108.
Lloro-Bidart, T. (2015b). Neoliberal and disciplinary environmentality and “sustainable seafood” consumption: Storying environmentally responsible action. Environmental Education Research. doi:10.1080/13504622.2015.1105198.
Ménard, N., Michaud, R., Chion, C., & Turgeon, S. (2014). Documentation of maritime traffic and navigational interactions with St. Lawrence estuary beluga (Delphinaterus leucas) in calving areas between 2003 and 2012. Ottawa: DFO.
Oakley, J. (2009). Under the knife: Animal dissection as a contested school science activity. Journal for Activist Science & Technology Education, 1, 59–67.
Oakley, J., Watson, G. P. L., Russell, C., Cutter-Mackenzie, A., Fawcett, L., Kuhl, G., Russell, J., van der Waal, M., & Warkentin, T. (2010). Animal encounters in environmental education research: Responses to the “question of the animal.” Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 15, 86-102.
Ogden, L., Hall, B., & Tanita, K. (2013). Animals, plants, people, and things: A review of multispecies ethnography. Environment and Society: Advances in Research, 4, 5–24. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040102.
Parks Canada. (2014). Parks Canada attendance 2009–10 to 2013–14. Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/pc/attend/table3.aspx
Rowe, S., & Kisiel, J. (2012). Family engagement at aquarium touch tanks: Exploring interactions and the potential for learning. In E. Davidsson & A. Jakobsson (Eds.), Understanding interactions at science centers and museums: Approaching sociolcultural perspectives (pp. 63–77). Rotterdam: Sense.
Russell, C. L. (1999). Problematizing nature experience in environmental education: The interrelationship of experience and story. Journal of Experiential Education, 22(123-128), 137. doi:10.1177/105382599902200304.
Russell, C. L., & Bell, A. C. (1996). A politicized ethic of care: Environmental education from an ecofeminist perspective. In K. Warren (Ed.), Women’s voices in experiential education (pp. 172–181). Dubuque: Kendall Hunt.
Russell, C. L., & Hodson, D. (2002). Whalewatching as critical science education? Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education, 2, 485–504. doi:10.1080/14926150209556537.
Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park. (2010). Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park management plan. Tadoussac: Parks Canada.
Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park. (2014). Training manual: Certification for marine activities. Tadoussac: Parks Canada.
Sandlos, J. (2008). Not wanted in the boundary: The expulsion of the Keeseekoowenin Ojibway Band from Riding Mountain National Park. Canadian Historical Review, 89, 189–221. doi:10.1353/can.0.0040.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lloro-Bidart, T., Russell, C. (2017). Learning Science in Aquariums and on Whalewatching Boats: The Hidden Curriculum of the Deployment of Other Animals. In: Mueller, M., Tippins, D., Stewart, A. (eds) Animals and Science Education. Environmental Discourses in Science Education, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56375-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56375-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56374-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56375-6
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)