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Selenium in plants pp 21–34Cite as

Biochemistry of Plant Selenium Uptake and Metabolism

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Part of the book series: Plant Ecophysiology ((KLEC,volume 11))

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is a trace element indispensable for humans, animals and some microorganisms. For plants its essentiality has not yet been established, despite its responsibility for a number of beneficial effects in several plant species. Plants take up Se mainly as selenate and selenite, using root high-affinity membrane transporters that normally mediate the influx of sulfate and phosphate ions, respectively. Once inside cells, Se can access the sulfur (S) assimilation pathway and be incorporated into the Se-amino acids Se-cysteine (SeCys) and Se-methionine (SeMet). Studies with transgenics showed that some enzymes working in this pathway are rate limiting for Se uptake, tolerance and accumulation in plants. Selenium at high concentration is toxic for plants, both due to oxidative stress and because Se-amino acids are non-specifically incorporated into proteins, which lose their folding and function as a result. Therefore, plants have evolved different strategies to cope with Se toxicity. They usually involve the conversion of Se-amino acids into less harmful volatile compounds. Specifically, plants that do not accumulate Se at high levels produce dimethylselenide (DMSe) using SeMet as a precursor, while Se-hyperaccumulators, i.e. plants able to tolerate and accumulate significant amounts of Se in their tissues, generate dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe) starting from the amino acid SeCys. Selenium hyperaccumulators have additional mechanisms to prevent SeCys misincorporation into protein, like methylation of SeCys to methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys) via SeCys methyltransferase (SMT), and breaking down of SeCys into elemental Se and alanine. In this chapter we review the main mechanisms implied in Se acquisition, assimilation and detoxification in plants.

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  1. Biology Department, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Zackary Guignardi & Michela Schiavon

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  1. Zackary Guignardi
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Correspondence to Zackary Guignardi .

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  1. Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

    Elizabeth A.H. Pilon-Smits

  2. Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Lenny H.E. Winkel

  3. Environmental Sciences Program and Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA

    Zhi-Qing Lin

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Guignardi, Z., Schiavon, M. (2017). Biochemistry of Plant Selenium Uptake and Metabolism. In: Pilon-Smits, E., Winkel, L., Lin, ZQ. (eds) Selenium in plants. Plant Ecophysiology, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56249-0_2

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