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Ecological Assembly of Chemical Mixtures

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Chemical Mixtures and Combined Chemical and Nonchemical Stressors

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Abstract

Human-environment interactions have a significant role in the formation of chemical mixtures in the environment and by extension in human tissues and fluids. These interactions, which include decisions to purchase and use products containing chemicals as well as behaviors and activities that explain the uptake and absorption of chemicals, may be viewed as an ecological relationship between humans and their environments. Methods with origins in community ecology for evaluating structure in assemblages of flora and fauna are applied to investigate the nonrandom assembly of chemical species. Presence-absence matrix-based techniques are used to elaborate co-occurrence patterns with the aim of identifying the principal chemicals which tend to co-occur. This ecological premise is expanded by drawing on consumer market basket analysis techniques to show how this approach may help identify robust co-occurrence patterns.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    An Orbitrap (Orbitrap™, Thermo Scientific™) mass analyzer traps ions in an electrostatic field where the oscillations of the ions vary in accordance with their mass to charge ratio (Hu et al. 2005).

  2. 2.

    Now used for the identification of sets of a variety of items in large databases (e.g., a specific set of symptoms characteristic of a rare disease observed in a medical records database), the technique originally was developed to examine customer behavior with respect to consumer products purchased.

  3. 3.

    See Gennings et al. (2005) for discussion of a method based on consideration of changes in the slope of the dose-response curve of one chemical produced by the presence of other chemicals.

  4. 4.

    All other factors held constant; the number of species on an island is generally observed to increase with increasing area (Connor and McCoy 1979).

  5. 5.

    For N species, there are N(N–1)/2 possible species pairs or 136 pairs for N = 17 species.

  6. 6.

    Evaluations of CHECKER and COMBO indices were conducted only for null models 1, 8, and 9 (Tornero-Velez et al. 2012).

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the editors, Cynthia Rider and Jane Ellen Simmons, for their guidance and constructive feedback. Special thanks to Hongtai Huang and Dustin F. Kapraun for their thoughtful comments and suggestions. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA

    Rogelio Tornero-Velez & Peter P. Egeghy

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  1. Rogelio Tornero-Velez
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  2. Peter P. Egeghy
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Correspondence to Rogelio Tornero-Velez .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Cynthia V. Rider

  2. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Jane Ellen Simmons

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Tornero-Velez, R., Egeghy, P.P. (2018). Ecological Assembly of Chemical Mixtures. In: Rider, C., Simmons, J. (eds) Chemical Mixtures and Combined Chemical and Nonchemical Stressors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56234-6_6

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