Skip to main content

Diagnostic Imaging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Adolescent Athlete

Abstract

When imaging injuries of young athletes, it is important to take into account the different strengths of each modality. Plain radiographs are the necessary first step and often suffice for most musculoskeletal injuries. Ultrasound is having an increasingly important role in the evaluation of tendinous and ligamentous abnormalities. In injuries that require dynamic imaging, such as the diagnosis of muscle hernias, ultrasound is the modality of choice. Computed tomography is the main technique for evaluating acute head injuries, as it can detect hemorrhage and bony injuries better than MRI. Its speed and contrast resolution make it ideal to evaluate severe abdominal trauma, and the capability of easy multiplanar reconstruction is extremely useful for evaluating complex fractures. MRI is the modality of choice to visualize the brain and for evaluation of internal derangement of the joints. It can also evaluate the cartilaginous injuries that are unique to the growing skeleton.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, Boone JM. The essential physics of medical imaging. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Körner M, Weber CH, Wirth S, Pfeifer KJ, Reiser MF, Treitl M. Advances in digital radiography: physical principles and system overview. Radiographics. 2007;27(3):675–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wybier M, Bossard P. Musculoskeletal imaging in progress: the EOS imaging system. Joint Bone Spine. 2013;80:238–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Fayad LM, Johnson P, Fishman EK. Multidetector CT of musculoskeletal disease in the pediatric patient: principles, techniques, and clinical applications. Radiographics. 2005;25:603–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE. Estimated risk of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176:289–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Biswas D, Bible JE, Bohan M, Simpson AK, Whang PG, Grauer JN. Radiation exposure from musculoskeletal computerized tomographic scans. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(8):1882–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hendrick RE. Basic physics of MR imaging: an introduction. Radiographics. 1994;14:829–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Love C, Din AS, Tomas MB, Kalapparambath TP, Palestro CJ. Radionuclide bone imaging: an illustrative review. Radiographics. 2003;23:341–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Middleton WD, Kurtz AB. Ultrasound: the requisites. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Poussaint TY, Moeller KK. Imaging of pediatric head trauma. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2002;12:271–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Noguchi K, Ogawa T, Seto H, et al. Subacute and chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage: diagnosis with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging. Radiology. 1997;203:257–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Turner BG, Rhea JT, Thrall JH, Small AB, Novelline RA. Trends in the use of CT and radiography in the evaluation of facial trauma, 1992–2002: implications for current costs. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:751–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Redelmeier DA, Raza S. Concussions and repercussions. PLoS Med. 2016;13(8):e1002104. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Keenan HT, Hollingshead MC, Chung CJ, Ziglar MK. Using CT of the cervical spine for early evaluation of pediatric patients with head trauma. Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177:1405–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Afshani E, Kuhn JP. Common causes of low back pain in children. Radiographics. 1991;11:269–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sivit CJ, Eichelberger MR, Taylor GA. CT in children with rupture of the bowel caused by blunt trauma: diagnostic efficacy and comparison with hypoperfusion complex. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163:1195–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Landin L. Epidemiology of children’s fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1997;6:79–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Salter R, Harris W. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:587–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jaimes C, Chauvin NA, Delgado J, Jaramillo D. MR imaging of normal epiphyseal development and common epiphyseal disorders. Radiographics. 2014;34(2):449–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. O’Dell MC, Jaramillo D, Bancroft L, Varich L, Logsdon G, Servaes S. Imaging of sports-related injuries of the lower extremity in pediatric patients. Radiographics. 2016;36(6):1807–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Delgado J, Jaramillo D, Chauvin NA. Imaging the injured pediatric athlete: upper extremity. Radiographics. 2016;36(6):1672–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Bedoya MA, Jaramillo D, Chauvin NA. Overuse injuries in children. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;24(2):67–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Jaimes C, Sabshin N, Laor T, Jaramillo D. Taking the stress out of evaluating stress injuries in children. Radiographics. 2012;32(2):537–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Laor T, Wall EJ, Louis PV. Physeal widening in the knee due to stress injury in child athletes. Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186:1260–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Umans H, Liebling MS, Moy L, et al. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a physeal lesion diagnosed by MRI, with radiographic and CT correlation. Skelet Radiol. 1998;27:139–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rogers L, Poznanski A. Imaging of epiphyseal injuries. Radiology. 1994;191:297–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Peterson HA, Madhok R, Benson JT, et al. Physeal fractures: part 1. Epidemiology in Olmstead County, Minnesota, 1979–1988. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14:423–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Peterson HA. Physeal and apophyseal injuries. In: Rockwood J, Wilkins KE, Beaty JH, editors. Fractures in children. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996. p. 103–65.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ecklund K, Jaramillo D. Patterns of premature physeal arrest: MR imaging of 111 children. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:967–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Disler DG. Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled MR imaging: assessment of articular and physeal hyaline cartilage. Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:1117–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Borsa JJ, Peterson HA, Ehman RL. MR imaging of physeal bars. Radiology. 1996;199:683–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Shailam R, Jaramillo D, Kan JH. Growth arrest and leg length discrepancy. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43(Suppl 1):155–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diego Jaramillo MD, MPH .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jaramillo, D., Chapman, V.M. (2018). Diagnostic Imaging. In: Micheli, L., Purcell, L. (eds) The Adolescent Athlete. Contemporary Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56188-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56188-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56187-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56188-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics