Abstract
In the past decade the governance of immigrant integration – defined as the set of actors, structures, mechanisms and processes of cooperation that make up the framework for integration policies and practices – has gained increasing attention in the policy agenda in Europe, OECD countries and beyond (Desiderio and Weinar 2014). The scope of actions and the range of actors involved have constantly broadened to engage not only governments – at various levels and across different portfolios – but also civil society. Moreover, countries of origin have started to conceive of supporting integration as part of a broader diaspora engagement strategy – as a means of strengthening ties with the diaspora abroad and of putting its members in a position to contribute to the origin country. These policies thus support, at least in their stated goals, a functional integration (not necessarily full identification) of emigrants at destination, i.e. helping them function as productive members of the host societies. They are largely formulated by the institutions dedicated to diaspora engagement and are generally implemented with the involvement of the ministry of foreign affairs, consular networks and other offices set in receiving countries. We are now only starting to understand this integration/diaspora nexus (Délano and Gamlen 2014; Délano 2009). The need to understand their role as creating obstacles or support for integration has become crucial to international cooperation on migration.
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Notes
- 1.
We define pre-departure measures as targeted trainings that aim at preparing a migrant for work abroad. They usually include language skills, information on legal framework, rules and procedures, sometimes also skill-adjustment training.
- 2.
These are quite common between countries in Europe as well as the European Union member states and non-European countries of origin, the most notable exception being the US – the only country that taxes expatriates on their overseas earned income.
- 3.
The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, ‘Bilateral Agreements,’ accessed 24 March 2014, http://moia.gov.in/services.aspx?ID1=81&id=m4&idp=81&mainid=73
- 4.
It must be underlined that the fact that Moldova and EU have signed a Mobility Partnership has not had much impact on this result, as Moldova managed to sign such agreements with Member States which are both in and outside of the Partnership. It remains to be seen if the number of social security agreements will facilitate future extension of EU social security coordination mechanism to Moldova or a conclusion of EU social security agreement with this country.
- 5.
- 6.
A global inventory of pre-departure measures has recently been compiled in the context of two projects: the HEADSTART project, co-funded by the European Union and selected Member States and carried out by the International Organisation for Migration. For more information on the project and the inventory see: http://www.headstartproject.eu/ and European Traing Foundation project MISMES http://www.etf.europa.eu/web.nsf/pages/MISMES_global_inventory
- 7.
Mandatory integration courses, a special form of pre-departure measures that target permanent migrants (mainly family reunification), have been recently introduced by some EU member states. (Austria, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). They are however not within the scope of this chapter.
- 8.
More generally, it has been argued that all internet tools are somewhat tailored to skilled migrants, given the difficulties that candidates lacking basic literacy and computer literacy skills may have in accessing them. See Desiderio and Schuster (2013).
- 9.
https://www.workindenmark.dk/. Accessed 26 January 2015.
- 10.
http://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en. Accessed on 26 January 2015.
- 11.
International recruitment and labour market integration programmes in the health sector implemented by destination countries in many cases include mechanisms for protecting origin countries from brain drain. See, section “Labour market” for examples.
- 12.
For a thorough discussion of the challenges and opportunities for origin/destination country cooperation on immigrant integration stemming from the complex and stratified institutional setting for the governance of immigrant integration and diaspora engagement see Desiderio, Supporting Immigrant Integration in Europe? Developing the Governance for Diaspora Engagement. For a specific discussion of the trend towards mainstreaming immigrant integration into general policy areas across EU Member States see Elizabeth Collett and Petrovic (2014).
- 13.
‘Blue card (old pink card) application [Mavi kart (eski pembe kart) uygulaması]’, Republic of Turkey Foreign Ministry, accessed: 28 Feb 2015. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/mavi-kart-_eski-pembe-kart_-uygulamasi-.tr.mfa
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Weinar, A., Desiderio, M.V., Thibos, C. (2017). Governance of Integration and the Role of the Countries of Origin – A Global Perspective. In: Weinar, A., Unterreiner, A., Fargues, P. (eds) Migrant Integration Between Homeland and Host Society Volume 1. Global Migration Issues, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56176-9_10
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