Abstract
Knowledge of the homeostatic mechanisms that exist in the oral mucosa is increasing in their complexity and it is becoming clear that mechanisms that exist in the gastrointestinal tract differ considerably from those in the mouth. Regional variation plays a part in the subdivision of the mechanisms at work and this chapter compares and contrasts the well-established mechanisms of gut homeostasis with new knowledge of the mechanisms at work in the oral cavity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Novak N, Haberstok J, Bieber T, Allam JP. The immune privilege of the oral mucosa. Trends Mol Med. 2008;14(5):191–8.
Allam JP, Stojanovski G, Friedrichs N, Peng W, Bieber T, Wenzel J, Novak N. Distribution of Langerhans cells and mast cells within the human oral mucosa: new application sites of allergens in sublingual immunotherapy? Allergy. 2008b;63(6):720–7.
Eskan MA, Rose BG, Benakanakere MR, Zeng Q, Fujioka D, Martin MH, Lee MJ, Kinane DF. TLR4 and S1P receptors cooperate to enhance inflammatory cytokine production in human gingival epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol. 2008;38(4):1138–47.
Greer A, Zenobia C, Darveau RP. Defensins and LL-37: a review of function in the gingival epithelium. Periodontol 2000. 2013;63(1):67–79.
Allam JP, Novak N, Duan Y, Winter J, Stojanovski G, Fronhoffs F, Wenghoefer M, Bieber T, Peng WM. Tolerogenic T cells, Th1/Th17 cytokines and TLR2/TLR4 expressing dendritic cells predominate the microenvironment within distinct oral mucosal sites. Allergy. 2011;66(4):532–9.
Steinman RM. Dendritic cells: understanding immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(Suppl 1):S53–60.
Pabst O, Mowat AM. Oral tolerance to food protein. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5(3):232–9.
Chehade M, Mayer L. Oral tolerance and its relation to food hypersensitivities. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(1):3–12; quiz 13.
Brandtzaeg P, Pabst R. Let's go mucosal: communication on slippery ground. Trends Immunol. 2004;25(11):570–7.
Rescigno M. Dendritic cells in oral tolerance in the gut. Cell Microbiol. 2011;13(9):1312–8.
Jonuleit H, Schmitt E. The regulatory T cell family: distinct subsets and their interrelations. J Immunol. 2003;171(12):6323–7.
Wambre E. Effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy on CD4+ T cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15(6):581–7.
Shen L, Turner JR. Role of epithelial cells in initiation and propagation of intestinal inflammation. Eliminating the static: tight junction dynamics exposed. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;290(4):G577–82.
Artis D. Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(6):411–20.
Brandtzaeg P. Food allergy: separating the science from the mythology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(7):380–400.
Rakoff-Nahoum S, Hao L, Medzhitov R. Role of toll-like receptors in spontaneous commensal-dependent colitis. Immunity. 2006;25(2):319–29.
Abreu MT, Vora P, Faure E, Thomas LS, Arnold ET, Arditi M. Decreased expression of toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol. 2001;167(3):1609–16.
Melmed G, Thomas LS, Lee N, Tesfay SY, Lukasek K, Michelsen KS, Zhou Y, Hu B, Arditi M, Abreu MT. Human intestinal epithelial cells are broadly unresponsive to toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial ligands: implications for host-microbial interactions in the gut. J Immunol. 2003;170(3):1406–15.
Lotz M, Gutle D, Walther S, Menard S, Bogdan C, Hornef MW. Postnatal acquisition of endotoxin tolerance in intestinal epithelial cells. J Exp Med. 2006;203(4):973–84.
Weindl G, Naglik JR, Kaesler S, Biedermann T, Hube B, Korting HC, Schaller M. Human epithelial cells establish direct antifungal defense through TLR4-mediated signaling. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(12):3664–72.
Nassar M, Tabib Y, Capucha T, Mizraji G, Nir T, Pevsner-Fischer M, Zilberman-Schapira G, Heyman O, Nussbaum G, Bercovier H, Wilensky A, Elinav E, Burstyn-Cohen T, Hovav AH. GAS6 is a key homeostatic immunological regulator of host-commensal interactions in the oral mucosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(3):E337–46.
Rothlin CV, Carrera-Silva EA, Bosurgi L, Ghosh S. TAM receptor signaling in immune homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:355–91.
da Silva BR, de Freitas VA, Nascimento-Neto LG, Carneiro VA, Arruda FV, de Aguiar AS, Cavada BS, Teixeira EH. Antimicrobial peptide control of pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity: a review of the literature. Peptides. 2012;36(2):315–21.
Dommisch H, Acil Y, Dunsche A, Winter J, Jepsen S. Differential gene expression of human beta-defensins (hBD-1, −2, −3) in inflammatory gingival diseases. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005;20(3):186–90.
Li X, Duan D, Yang J, Wang P, Han B, Zhao L, Jepsen S, Dommisch H, Winter J, Xu Y. The expression of human beta-defensins (hBD-1, hBD-2, hBD-3, hBD-4) in gingival epithelia. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;66:15–21.
Brandtzaeg P. 'ABC' of mucosal immunology. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2009a;64:23–38; discussion 38-43, 251-257.
Brandtzaeg P. Mucosal immunity: induction, dissemination, and effector functions. Scand J Immunol. 2009b;70(6):505–15.
Wang M, Gao Z, Zhang Z, Pan L, Zhang Y. Roles of M cells in infection and mucosal vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(12):3544–51.
Csencsits KL, Jutila MA, Pascual DW. Mucosal addressin expression and binding-interactions with naive lymphocytes vary among the cranial, oral, and nasal-associated lymphoid tissues. Eur J Immunol. 2002;32(11):3029–39.
Cutler CW, Jotwani R. Dendritic cells at the oral mucosal interface. J Dent Res. 2006;85(8):678–89.
Allam JP, Novak N, Fuchs C, Asen S, Berge S, Appel T, Geiger E, Kochan JP, Bieber T. Characterization of dendritic cells from human oral mucosa: a new Langerhans' cell type with high constitutive FcepsilonRI expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(1):141–8.
Iwasaki A. Mucosal dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:381–418.
Van Hoogstraten IM, Andersen KE, Von Blomberg BM, Boden D, Bruynzeel DP, Burrows D, Camarasa JG, Dooms-Goossens A, Kraal G, Lahti A, et al. Reduced frequency of nickel allergy upon oral nickel contact at an early age. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991;85(3):441–5.
Allam JP, Peng WM, Appel T, Wenghoefer M, Niederhagen B, Bieber T, Berge S, Novak N. Toll-like receptor 4 ligation enforces tolerogenic properties of oral mucosal Langerhans cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008a;121(2):368–374 e361.
Muthukuru M, Jotwani R, Cutler CW. Oral mucosal endotoxin tolerance induction in chronic periodontitis. Infect Immun. 2005;73(2):687–94.
Hawrylowicz CM, O'Garra A. Potential role of interleukin-10-secreting regulatory T cells in allergy and asthma. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5(4):271–83.
Levings MK, Gregori S, Tresoldi E, Cazzaniga S, Bonini C, Roncarolo MG. Differentiation of Tr1 cells by immature dendritic cells requires IL-10 but not CD25+CD4+ Tr cells. Blood. 2005;105(3):1162–9.
Allam JP, Wurtzen PA, Reinartz M, Winter J, Vrtala S, Chen KW, Valenta R, Wenghoefer M, Appel T, Gros E, Niederhagen B, Bieber T, Lund K, Novak N. Phl p 5 resorption in human oral mucosa leads to dose-dependent and time-dependent allergen binding by oral mucosal Langerhans cells, attenuates their maturation, and enhances their migratory and TGF-beta 1 and IL-10-producing properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(3):638–U635.
Mascarell L, Lombardi V, Louise A, Saint-Lu N, Chabre H, Moussu H, Betbeder D, Balazuc AM, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P. Oral dendritic cells mediate antigen-specific tolerance by stimulating TH1 and regulatory CD4+ T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(3):603–609 e605.
Conti HR, Gaffen SL. IL-17-mediated immunity to the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida Albicans. J Immunol. 2015;195(3):780–8.
Iliev ID, Matteoli G, Rescigno M. The yin and yang of intestinal epithelial cells in controlling dendritic cell function. J Exp Med. 2007;204(10):2253–7.
Samsom JN. Regulation of antigen-specific regulatory T-cell induction via nasal and oral mucosa. Crit Rev Immunol. 2004;24(3):157–77.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Allam, JP., Novak, N. (2018). Mucosal Homeostasis of the Oral Mucosa. In: Bergmeier, L. (eds) Oral Mucosa in Health and Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56065-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56065-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56064-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56065-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)