Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

Abstract

Chapter 5 examines how the Museveni regime—built on ethnic and regional ideologies—intensified the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence through an unprecedented militarization of the society, personalization of brute power, the no-party or single-party system, unprecedented corruption, bribery, unprecedented rigging of elections, nepotism, cooption, repression, genocide in Acoliland, constitutional coup, and imperial presidency. The chapter analyses how the state, the institutions of the state and the ruling party became fused in the person of the imperial presidency, and how the regime championed anti-homosexuality sentiments to address both the domestic and international legitimation deficits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    “Change Speech 29 years Later!,” http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2015/01/26/liberation-day-revisiting-president-museveni’s-inaugural-speech; “Rebel Sworn in as Uganda President,” New York Times, January 29, 1986; “Museveni: 1986–2011: from fundamental change to no change,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, May 12, 2011.

  2. 2.

    Ibid.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    See, for example, Helen Epstein, “Uganda: The General Challenges the Dictator,” The New York Review of Books, April 24, 2014.

  5. 5.

    See, for example, Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: Uganda Under Museveni. London: AuthorHouse, 2010: 205.

  6. 6.

    See, for example, “My story: Kayiira, Museveni were power-hungry,” says Nyanzi,” The Observer, Kampala, January 18, 2010; “My Story: Evaristo Nyanzi arrested again,” The Observer, Kampala, January 11, 2010; Fred Guweddeko, “Would Buganda have fought along Museveni without Kabaka agenda,” The Observer, Kampala, August 12, 2009; “Yoweri Museveni accused of using Baganda as a stepping stone,” The London Evening Post, June 11, 2012.

  7. 7.

    Ibid.

  8. 8.

    Ibid.

  9. 9.

    See, for example, “My Story: Evaristo Nyanzi arrested again,” The Observer, Kampala, January 11, 2010; “Paulo Muwanga, 70, Ex-Ugandan Official,” New York Times, April 2, 1991; “Revisiting the murder of Dr. Kayiira 27 years,” The Daily Monitor, March 6, 2014.

  10. 10.

    See Ogenga Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Power in the Zairian War,” Howard Adelman and Govind C. Rao, eds., War and Peace in Zaire/Congo: Analyzing and Evaluating Intervention: 1996–1997. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004: 41.

  11. 11.

    Ibid.

  12. 12.

    See, for example, Micael B. Karlstrom, “The Cultural kingdom in Uganda: popular royalism and the restoration of the Buganda kingdom.” Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Anthropology, The University of Chicago, 1999: 227–232; Sallie S. Kayunga, The federo (federalism) debate in Uganda. Working Paper No. 62. Centre for Basic Research. Kampala, 2000; J. Oloka-Onyango, “The question of Buganda in contemporary Ugandan politics,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 15 (2), 1997: 173–189.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    J. Oloka-Onyango, “Uganda’s ‘Benevolent’ Dictatorship,” August 30, 1998.

  15. 15.

    See, for example, “Kabaka visits Kayunga: A new chapter in government-Mengo relations,” The Daily Monitor, January 27, 2014.

  16. 16.

    See, for example, “Museveni returns Mengo titles,” The Observer, Kampala, April 16, 2014; “President Museveni Hands Over 80 Land Titles To Buganda Kingdom,” Red Pepper, Kampala, June 30, 2015.

  17. 17.

    See, for example, “Buganda arrest bring back 1966 memories,” The Independent Newspaper, Kampala, December 25, 2008.

  18. 18.

    “Thousands on streets as Kabaka visits Kampala,” The London Evening Post, July 29, 2011.

  19. 19.

    See “Uganda: End Media Clampdown,” Human Rights Watch, September 15, 2009. See also, “Strict rules for Kabaka’s Kayunga Visit,” The Observer, Kampala, January 24, 2014.

  20. 20.

    See Nelson Kasfir, “’No-Party Democracy’ in Uganda,” Journal of Democracy, 9, 2 (1998): 5–6.

  21. 21.

    See Aili M. Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010: 4.

  22. 22.

    See Human Rights Watch, Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999: 1–2.

  23. 23.

    See Human Rights Watch, Hostile to Democracy: 5. See also, Oloka-Onyango, “Uganda’s Benevolent Dictatorship”.

  24. 24.

    See, for example, J. Oloka-Onyango, “Uganda’s ‘Benevolent’ Dictatorship,” August 30, 1998.

  25. 25.

    See Muhumuza William, “Money and Power in Uganda’s 1996 Elections,” African Journal of Political Science (1997), 2, 1: 173.

  26. 26.

    See “I own the money in Uganda,” The Daily Monitor, January 21, 2015. See also, Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 116–117.

  27. 27.

    See Oloka-Onyango, “Uganda’s Benevolent Dictatorship,” August 30, 1998.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    See Ogenga Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Power in the Zairian War,”: 38; “Tinyefuza, historicals challenge Museveni, then back down, leaving Besigye in the hot seat,” The Daily Monitor, December 22, 2014.

  30. 30.

    See “Tinyefuza, historicals challenge Museveni, then back down, leaving Besigye in the hot,” The Daily Monitor, December 22, 2014; Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 25.

  31. 31.

    See “Tinyefuza, historicals challenge Museveni, then back down, leaving Besigye in the hot,” The Daily Monitor, December 22, 2014.

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    See “Tinyefuza, historicals challenge Museveni, back down, leaving Besigye in the hot,” The Daily Monitor, December 22, 2014; Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 25.

  34. 34.

    See Ogenga Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Power in the Zairian War,”: 40.

  35. 35.

    See Ogenga Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Power in the Zairian War,”: 48; “Army abandons war for riches,” The Daily Monitor, July 1, 1998: 1–2; “Disgruntled NRA Warns Museveni,” The People Newspaper, Kampala, May 24–31, 1995:1–2; “NRM bosses richer than districts—Abu Mayanja,” The Daily Monitor, November 10, 1998:5.

  36. 36.

    See, for example, J. Oloka-Ongango, “Uganda’s Benevolent’ Dictatorship,” (30 August 1998); Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 169; Joshua B. Rubongoya, Regime Hegemony in Museveni’s Uganda: Pax Musevenica. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007: 17.

  37. 37.

    See, for example, “Uganda: Tough Tinyefunza,” Africa Confidential, 38, 2, January 17, 1997: 5.

  38. 38.

    See, for example, “Tinyefuza apologies to Museveni,” The New Vision, Kampala, December 5, 2004.

  39. 39.

    See, for example, “Besigye’s 1999 document that landed him in hot soup”. http://ugandansatheart.org/2012/08/06/besigyes-1999-document-that-landed-him-in-hot-soup/html

  40. 40.

    See, for example, “Tinyefuza, historicals challenge Museveni, then back down, leaving Besigye in the hot,” The Daily Monitor, December 22, 2014; Roger K. Tangri and Andrew Mwenda, The Politics of elite corruption in Africa: Uganda in Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge, 2013.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    See, for example, Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Actor in the Zairian War”: 60; Roger K. Tangri and Andrew Mwenda, The Politics of elite corruption in Africa: Uganda in Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge, 2013.

  43. 43.

    Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 26–27.

  44. 44.

    Ibid: 32.

  45. 45.

    “Museveni’s acceptance speech on nomination for candidacy,” The Daily Monitor, November 27, 2000.

  46. 46.

    The Daily Monitor, 20 January 2001, cited in Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 180.

  47. 47.

    “President Yoweri Museveni, addressing a rally in western Uganda,” The East African Newspaper, February 12, 2001, cited in Human Rights Watch, Uganda: Not a level playing field—Government Violations in the Lead-up to the Elections. 2001: 1.

  48. 48.

    Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 16. See also, Tangri and Mwenda, The Politics of Elite Corruption in Africa: Uganda in Comparative Perspective.

  49. 49.

    See Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?:157.

  50. 50.

    Wafula Oguttu, cited in Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 155.

  51. 51.

    John Kazoora, cited in Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 156–157.

  52. 52.

    See, for example, Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 56–57.

  53. 53.

    Col. Dr. Besigye Kiiza v Museveni Yoweri Kaguta, Electoral Commission (Election Petition No. 1 of 2001). Reproduced in full by Uganda Legal Information Institute.

  54. 54.

    See, for example, “Has Kigongo joined the victimization advocates?” The Daily Monitor, January 18, 2006; Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: Uganda Under Museveni. London: AuthorHouse, 2010: 62

  55. 55.

    Interview with Mzee Tiberio Atwoma, Kitgum, January 30, 1997.

  56. 56.

    The Daily Monitor, February 14, 2008, cited in Aili Mari Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010: 1; Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 98.

  57. 57.

    See, for example, “Uganda: President shuffles cabinet ahead of debate on presidential term limit,” IRIN, January 14, 2005; Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 94; “How Museveni betrayal killed Kategaya slowly,” The Observer, Kampala, March 6, 2013. Kategaya, was later on made so poor by the regime that by 2006, he compromised his position and was reappointed to cabinet by Museveni. See, for example, Muniini Mulera, “The sorry fate of NRM returnees,” The Daily Monitor, November 4, 2013.

  58. 58.

    Ibid.

  59. 59.

    See Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 94–95.

  60. 60.

    Ibid: 97.

  61. 61.

    See Press Release: FDC Position on Amending Article 105 (2) of the Constitution. Kampala, June 27, 2005.

  62. 62.

    Joshua B. Rubongoya, Regime Hegemony in Museveni’s Uganda: 12–13. See also, Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 97.

  63. 63.

    See, for example, Human Rights Watch, In Hope and Fear: Uganda’s Presidential and Parliamentary Polls. February 2006; CMI, Uganda’s 2006 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections. CMI, 2006: 17; Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 100–105.

  64. 64.

    See, for example, Human Rights Watch, In Hope and Fear: Uganda’s Presidential and Parliamentary Polls. February 2006; CMI, Uganda’s 2006 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections. CMI, 2006: 17; Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: Uganda Under Museveni. London: AuthorHouse, 2010: 100–105.

  65. 65.

    Human Rights Watch, In Hope and Fear: Uganda’s Presidential and Parliamentary Polls. February 2006: 8.

  66. 66.

    Ibid.

  67. 67.

    Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 108.

  68. 68.

    Rtd. Col. Dr. Kizza Besigye V Electoral Commission, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (Election Petition No. 1 of 2006). Reproduced in full by the Uganda Legal Information Institute (ULII), Kampala, 2007.

  69. 69.

    Rtd. Col. Dr. Kizza Besigye V Electoral Commission, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (Election Petition No. 1 of 2006). Reproduced in full by the Uganda Legal Information Institute (ULII), Kampala, 2007.

  70. 70.

    “Court was wrong on Besigye petition,” The Daily Monitor, October 3, 2010.

  71. 71.

    Court ruling reproduced in Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: Uganda Under Museveni. London: AuthorHouse, 2010: 118–120

  72. 72.

    “Besigye won 2006 Pools—Sejusa,” The Daily Monitor, December 17, 2013; “New Revelations about 2006 Ugandan Presidential Election,” Voice of America, October 3, 2010.

  73. 73.

    “I have stolen votes for Museveni for 30 years—former ISO boss,” The Daily Monitor, February 5, 2015.

  74. 74.

    Cited in Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 84.

  75. 75.

    See European Union Election Observation Mission, Uganda: Final Report: General Elections 18 February 2011. European Union, March 10, 2011: 1–7.

  76. 76.

    See, for example, “Uganda opposition leader temporarily blinded in teargas raid,” The Guardian, London, April 28, 2011; “Uganda walk-to-work protests kick up dust,” Aljazeera, April 28, 2011; “Mixed Legacy for Uganda’s ‘Walk to Work’”, Voice of America, July 11, 2011.

  77. 77.

    See, for example, “Uganda opposition leader temporarily blinded in teargas raid,” The Guardian, London, April 28, 2011; “Uganda walk-to-work protests kick up dust,” Aljazeera, April 28, 2011; “Mixed Legacy for Uganda’s ‘Walk to Work’”, Voice of America, July 11, 2011.

  78. 78.

    Ibid.

  79. 79.

    See Human Rights Watch, Uganda: Walk to Work Group Declared Illegal. Human Rights Watch, April 4, 2012: 2.

  80. 80.

    See Human Rights Watch, Uganda: Walk to Work Group Declared Illegal. Human Rights Watch, April 4, 2012: 1.

  81. 81.

    “Deadly Crackdown on Uganda’s Walk-to-Work Protests,” Time Magazine, April 23, 2011.

  82. 82.

    Ibid.

  83. 83.

    “Uganda opposition leader temporarily blinded in teargas raid,” The Guardian, London, April 28, 2011.

  84. 84.

    Ugandan Citizens’ Compact on Free and Fair Elections. Kampala, November 26, 2014.

  85. 85.

    See, for example, “Otafire Warns EU on electoral reforms,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, June 10, 2015; “We are no longer a colony, government tells EU envoys,” The Daily Monitor, June 9, 2015; “Legislators reject government 2016 electoral reforms,” The Daily Monitor, May 13, 2015; “European Ambassadors Meet Kadaga Over Electoral Reforms,” The Red Pepper Newspaper, Kampala, June 8, 2015.

  86. 86.

    See, for example, Muhumuza William, “Money and in Uganda’s 1996 Elections,” African Political Science (1997), Vol. 2, No. 1: 168–179; Charles Rwomushana, “How Free was the 1996 Elections,” http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialReports/Elections/How-free-and-fair-was-the-1996-elections?

  87. 87.

    “Opposition to field join candidate in 2016 polls2016 pollsMuseveni, Yoweri:as sole candidate in 2016 election,” The Independent Newspaper, Kampala, June 10, 2015. See also Press Statement on the Signing of the Protocol of The Democratic Alliance. Kampala: The Democratic Alliance, June 10, 2015; “Opposition parties form alliance to take on NRM in 2016,” NTV, Kampala, June 10, 2015; “Will the new opposition alliance fly where the previous ones failed?” The Daily Monitor, June 10, 2015.

  88. 88.

    See, for example, “What Dr. Besigye says about TDA fall out,” Daily Monitor, September 26, 2015.

  89. 89.

    See, for example, “How TDA Fell Apart,” The Observer, Kampala, September 25, 2015. In fact, not even the efforts of the former UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, Professor Mamdani, Ochoro Otunnu, Bishop Zac Niringiye, Olara Otunnu, and Moreno Ocampo (former International Criminal Court Prosecutor), that led to a meeting at the end of October 2015 in London, were able to unite the two candidates.

  90. 90.

    Ibid.

  91. 91.

    See, for a start, “Expelled rebel MPs to Retain Seats,” The New Vision, Kampala, May 2, 2013; “Uganda—rebel NRM MPs vow to replace Museveni,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, February 20, 2013; “How Mbabazi made up with expelled MPs,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, May 27, 2015; “What next for expelled NRM ‘rebel’ legislators,” The Independent Newspaper, Kampala, April 16, 2013; “Repeat of History as NRM expels ‘rebel’ MPs,” The Daily Monitor, April 16, 2013; “Expelled ‘Rebel’ MPs Invited to NRM Delegates Conference,” Red Pepper Newspaper, Kampala, December 14, 2014; “Rebels with a cause,” Africa Confidential, Vol. 53, No. 5, March 2, 2012; “Uganda’s Ruling Party ‘Rebels’ MPs thrown out of House,” The Citizen, Nairobi, July 19, 2013.

  92. 92.

    Ibid.

  93. 93.

    See, for example, Helen Epstein, “Uganda: The General Challenges the Dictator,” The New York Review of Books, April 24, 2014; “Ugandan police shut down papers over ‘plot’”, The Aljazeera, May 26, 2013;

  94. 94.

    Cited in “Uganda police shut down papers over ‘plot’,” Aljazeera, May 26, 2013. See also, “Uganda: Stop Harassing the Media,” Human Rights Watch, May 20, 2013: 2.

  95. 95.

    See, for example, “Uganda’s Daily Monitor reopens after police closure,” The BBC, May 30, 2013; “We reveal why Gen. David Sejusa has returned to Uganda,” The London Evening Post, December 14, 2014; “Uganda police shut down Monitor,” The East African, Nairobi, May 20, 2013.

  96. 96.

    See, for example, “Uganda’s Daily Monitor reopens after police closure,” The BBC, May 30, 2013; “We reveal why Gen. David Sejusa has returned to Uganda,” The London Evening Post, December 14, 2014; “Uganda police shut down Monitor,” The East African, Nairobi, May 20, 2013.

  97. 97.

    See, for example, “Former Ugandan General Seeks Regime Change from Within,” Voice of America, January 8, 2015; “We reveal why Gen. David Sejusa has returned to Uganda,” The London Evening Post, December 14, 2014; “The Big betrayal? Uganda Gen. Sejusa and the ‘Museveni Project,’” The Black Star Newspaper, New York, January 3, 2015.

  98. 98.

    Ibid.

  99. 99.

    Ibid.

  100. 100.

    See, for example, “Uganda: Gen. Sejusa Arrested—Story Behind the Story,” Daily Monitor, February 2, 2016; “Ugandan ‘wistleblower’ general arrested weeks before presidential election,” The Guardian, London, January 31, 2016.

  101. 101.

    See, for example, Gen. Sejusa finally released from prison,” The Observer, Kampala, April 1, 2016.

  102. 102.

    See “Amama Mbabazi VS President Museveni: the inside story,” The Daily Monitor, February 16, 2014.

  103. 103.

    See Ibid.

  104. 104.

    See “Amama Mbabazi VS President Museveni: the inside story,” The Daily Monitor, February 16, 2014.

  105. 105.

    See “Amama Mbabazi VS President Museveni: the inside story,” The Daily Monitor, February 16, 2014.

  106. 106.

    Conversation with NRM operatives, Kampala, July 2015 and December 2015.

  107. 107.

    See, for example, “Museveni calls NRM delegates,” The Daily Monitor, October 29, 2014; Chris Obore, “NRM delegates fooled as both Mbabazi and Museveni win,” The Daily Monitor, December 21, 2014; “I can’t cause chaos at NRM delegates Conference,” The New Vision, November 28, 2014; “Mbabazi meets NRM delegates,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, December 10, 2014.

  108. 108.

    See “Amama Mbabazi, SC, MP, to His Excellency Gen. (Rtd) Yoweri Museveni, National Chairman, National Resistance Movement and President of the Republic of Uganda. Reference 015/006-001,” June 13, 2015.

  109. 109.

    Ibid.

  110. 110.

    See, for example, “Amama Mbabazi to run for presidentfor presidentMbabazi, Amama:challenges presented to Museveni by decision to run for president,” The New Vision, June 15, 2015; “Uganda’s Amama Mbabazi challenges President Museveni,” BBC, June 15, 2015; “Uganda’s ousted prime minister to run against president,” The Washington Post, June 15, 2015.

  111. 111.

    Ibid.

  112. 112.

    Ibid.

  113. 113.

    “Mbabazi’s Full Statement on Standing Outside NRM,” Red Pepper Newspaper, July 31, 2015.

  114. 114.

    See, for example, “Two against one: Museveni pushes Ammama, Besigye together,” The Sunday Monitor, August 2, 2015.

  115. 115.

    See Amnesty International, “Uganda 2015/2016.”

  116. 116.

    “Dispatches: Police Brutality Spells Trouble for Uganda’s Elections,” Human Rights Watch, October 14, 2015.

  117. 117.

    “Uganda: Intimidation of Media, Civic Groups,” Human Rights Watch, January 10, 2016.

  118. 118.

    Conversation with some Museveni aides and NRM operatives, Kampala, November and December, 2015.

  119. 119.

    See, for example, Human Rights Watch, ‘Keeping the People Uninformed: Pre-election Threats to Free Expression and Association in Uganda,” January 11, 2016; “NRM enrolls Journalists on Campaign task force,” The Observer, Kampala, February 4, 2016; “Uganda: Museveni’s Billions Dominate 2016 Campaigns,” The Independent, Kampala, February 1, 2016; “Museveni spends shs 27 billion on campaigns in 2 months,” Daily Monitor, January 22, 2016.

  120. 120.

    “Uganda: Suspend ‘Crime Preventers’”, Human Rights Watch, January 12, 2016. See also, ‘Controversial ‘crime preventers’ patrol Kampala ahead of polls,” Daily Nation, Nairobi, February 12, 2016; “Who are Uganda’s Crime Preventers,” Newsweek, January 14, 2016.

  121. 121.

    See “Crime preventers demand payment for Museveni Kololo rally, anti-Mbabazi demonstrations,” The Observer, Kampala, November 6, 2015. For government’s “official” position about crime preventers, see, for example, “Go hang, Kayihura tells off critics on crime preventers,” Daily Monitor, January 25, 2016; “Government will not pay crime preventers—Museveni,” Daily Monitor, October 20, 2015.

  122. 122.

    “Uganda: 2016 Election is Army versus Voters—Makerere Don,” Daily Monitor, February 3, 2016.

  123. 123.

    See “Aronda says army takeover possible,” Daily Monitor, January 24, 2013. See also, “Uganda: Why Kiyonga, Museveni Say Army Can Take Over,” The Independent, Kampala, January 25, 2013.

  124. 124.

    See, for example, “The follies of my old good friend John Nagenda,” Daily Monitor, April 17, 2016.

  125. 125.

    Conversation with some officials at the State Department, Washington, DC, April 2016.

  126. 126.

    See European Union Election Observation Mission, Final Report: Uganda Presidential, Parliamentary and Local Council Elections, 18 February 2016: 1–2.

  127. 127.

    See, for example, “Donors tell Museveni to embrace change,” The Observer, Kampala, May 11, 2016.

  128. 128.

    See “On the Results of Uganda’s Presidential Elections,” Press Statement, U.S. State Department, February 20, 2016.

  129. 129.

    See “Ambassador Samantha Power’s Remarks at the UN Security Council Open Debate on Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts in the Great Lakes Region,” United States Mission to the United Nations, New York, March 21, 2016.

  130. 130.

    See “Uganda’s President Holds On in the Face of Growing Public Unrest,” Time, March 4, 2016.

  131. 131.

    See “Interim Statement: Chairperson of the Commonwealth Observer Group, His Excellency Olusegun Obasanjo,” The Commonwealth, Kampala, 20 February 2016.

  132. 132.

    See “Follies of my old good friend John Nagenda,” The Daily Monitor, April 17, 2016.

  133. 133.

    Reprinted in “Uganda Elections 2016 as it happened: Violent clashes erupt in capital Kampala,” International Business Times, February 19, 2016.

  134. 134.

    See, for example, “Uganda 2016: Museveni’s Troubled Victory,” Newsweek, February 22, 2016; ‘Uganda Elections 2016 as it happened: violent clashes in capital Kampala,” International Business Times, February 19, 2016; “Am not under arrest—Gen. Katumba Wamala,” The Observer, Kampala, February 19, 2016; “As it happened: Museveni wins 2016 elections,” New Vision, February 17, 2016.

  135. 135.

    See, for example, “Nine judges to hear Mbabazi’s Petition,” Daily Monitor, March 4, 2016; “Dispatches: Uganda’s New Normal?´ Human Rights Watch, March 10, 2016.

  136. 136.

    See, for example, “Mbabazi’s Lawyers task police to explain the break-ins,” The Observer, Kampala, March 9, 2016; “How break into Mbabazi lawyers’ office happened—eyewitness account,” Daily Monitor, March 10, 2016; “Mbabazi’s Lawyer runs to UCC, Facebook management over break in own office allegations,” Daily Monitor, March 22, 2016; “Dispatches: Uganda’s New Normal?´ Human Rights Watch, March 10, 2016.

  137. 137.

    See, for example, “Supreme Court Dismisses Presidential Poll Petition,” Daily Monitor, March 31, 2016; Supreme court dismisses election petition,” New Vision, March 31, 2016.

  138. 138.

    See “The follies of my old good friend John Nagenda,” Daily Monitor, April 17, 2016.

  139. 139.

    See “Maj. General Mugishs Muntu, “Only Independent Audit can resolve the disputed 2016 presidential elections.” Forum for Democratic Change, April 4, 2016.

  140. 140.

    Ibid.

  141. 141.

    See, for example, “Court bans Besigye’s defiance campaign, FDC prayers,” The Observer, Kampala, April 30, 2016; “Dispatches: Uganda’s New Normal?” Human Rights Watch, March 10, 2016.

  142. 142.

    See “Uganda Law Society condemns Kavuma ruling,” Daily Monitor, May 5, 2016.

  143. 143.

    “Besigye ‘sworn in’ as Uganda’s president—video,” Nairobi News, May 11, 2016.

  144. 144.

    See, for example, “Besigye reportedly detained in Moroto,” The Daily Monitor, May 11, 2016; “Besigye detained at Moroto police station,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, May 12, 2016.

  145. 145.

    See, for example, “Besigye: Museveni should be charged with treason,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, October 5, 2016.

  146. 146.

    See “Creating districts good, says Museveni,” The Daily Monitor, June 17, 2015.

  147. 147.

    See, for example, Jessica A. Badebye, “Letter from Kampala: Obama speech excites Ugandans as Museveni seeks fifth term but Mbabazi is on his tail,” The London Evening Post, August 2, 2015; Edris Kiggundu, “Why Museveni wants 36 new constituencies,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, May 18, 2015.

  148. 148.

    “See Creating districts good, says Museveni,” The Daily Monitor, June 17, 2015; “Evolution of Uganda’s districts,” The Independent Newspaper, Kampala, June 30, 2009.

  149. 149.

    See, for example, Ogenga Otunnu, “Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere’s philosophy, contribution, and legacies,” African Identities, October 2014: 1–18; “Uganda: Gurume: Museveni Came in Denouncing Excess; Today, He Wallows in Luxury,” allAfrica.com, January 25, 2001; Andrew Mwenda, “Uganda: Of Plastic Cups and Expensive Funiture,” allAfrica.com, January 18, 2008; J. Oloka-Ongango, “Uganda’s Benevolent’ Dictatorship,” (30 August 1998).

  150. 150.

    See J. Oloka-Onyango, “Uganda’s Benevolent Dictatorship,” (30 August 1998).

  151. 151.

    See, for example, Oloka-Onyango, “Uganda’s Benevolent Dictatorship,” (30 August 1998); Roger Tangri and Andrew Mwenda, “Corruption and Cronyism in Uganda’s Privatization in the 1990s,” African Affairs (2001), 100: 117–133; Joshua B. Rubongoya, Regime Hegemony in Museveni’s Uganda: 17; “Survey on Uganda,” The Financial Times, London, 10 June 1994; Charles Onyango-Obbo, “Where Ugandans see only theft,” The Daily Monitor, 28 May 1997.

  152. 152.

    See, for example, J. Oloka-Ongango, “Uganda’s Benevolent Dictatorship,” (30 August 1998); Joshua B. Rubongoya, Regime Hegemony in Museveni’s Uganda: 10.

  153. 153.

    J. Oloka-Ongango, “Uganda’s Benevolent Dictatorship,” (30 August 1998).

  154. 154.

    See, for example, Roger Tangri and Andrew Mwedna, “Corruption and Cronyism in Uganda’s Privatization in the 1990s,” African Affairs (2001), 100: 117–133; Joshua B. Rubongoya, Regime Hegemony in Museveni’s Uganda: 17; “Survey on Uganda,” The Financial Times, London, June 10, 1994; Charles Onyango-Obbo, “Where Ugandans see only theft,” The Daily Monitor, May 28, 1997.

  155. 155.

    Olive Kobushingye, The Correct Line?: 181.

  156. 156.

    Ibid.

  157. 157.

    “President spends 20,000 (pounds) so his grandchild can be born in Europe,” The Telegraph, London, October 5, 2003.

  158. 158.

    See “Letter by President Museveni,” The Daily Monitor, October 5, 2003.

  159. 159.

    Andrew M. Mwenda and Roger Tangri, “Patronage Politics, Donor Reforms, and Regime Consolidation in Uganda,” African Affairs, (2005), 104/416: 449.

  160. 160.

    Ibid.

  161. 161.

    See, for example, “Obote’s Son, NRM to form alliance,” The Daily Monitor, June 16, 2016; “Museveni” My Cooperation with UPC Started in 2011,” Chimreports, July 17, 2016; “President taps into opposition ministers,” The Daily Monitor, June 7, 2016.

  162. 162.

    “Museveni Cabinet job Splits Obote family,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, June 10, 2016.

  163. 163.

    See “Number of Museveni Advisers rises to 141,” The Observer Newspaper, Kampala, June 6, 2016.

  164. 164.

    See “New 458 MPs to get 11b every month,” The Daily Monitor, February 28, 2016. See also, “MPs want shs. 28b for their cars safety,” The Daily Monitor, December 22, 2013; “MPs burial to cost Shs. 68 million each,” The Daily Monitor, September 15, 2016.

  165. 165.

    See “Muniini K. Mulera, ‘Ugandans should say no to their MPs’ madness,” The Daily Monitor, September 20, 2016.

  166. 166.

    See “Government to pay former MPs—Museveni,” The Daily Monitor, September 27, 2016.

  167. 167.

    See, for example, Documentation of Teso Women’s Experiences of Armed Conflict, 1987–2001. Isis-WICCE Research Report, Kampala, August 2002: 15–8.

  168. 168.

    See, for example, Documentation of Teso Women’s Experiences of Armed Conflict, 1987–2001. Isis-WICCE Research Report, Kampala, August 2002: 15–18.

  169. 169.

    See, for example, “Insurgency in northern and eastern regions in 1986,” The Monitor, Kampala, December 12, 2012; Documentation of Teso Women’s Experiences of Armed Conflict, 1987–2001. Isis-WICCE Research Report, Kampala, August 2002: 15–18; The Mukura Massacre of 1989. Field Note XII. Justice & Reconciliation Project, Gulu, March 2011: 5; Aili M. Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime: 154.

  170. 170.

    Aili M. Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime: 154.

  171. 171.

    See, for example, Documentation of Teso Women’s Experiences of Armed Conflict, 1987–2001. Isis-WICCE Research Report, Kampala, August 2002: 17. The Mukura Massacre of 1989. Field Note XII. Justice & Reconciliation Project, Gulu, March 2011: 5.

  172. 172.

    The Mukura Massacre of 1989. Field Note XII. Justice & Reconciliation Project, Gulu, March 2011: 5–22; “20 Years after, still too many apologies for Mukura deaths,” The Independent, Kampala, July 28, 2009; “Armt to investigate NRA atrocities in Teso sub-region,” The Monitor, Kampala, January 29, 2014.

  173. 173.

    Aili M. Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime: 155, 156–157; “Uganda: IRIN Special Report on the ADF rebellion,” http://www.irinnews.org/report/11082/uganda-irin-special-report-on-the-adf-rebellion; Lucy Hovil and Eric Werker, “Potrait of a Failed Rebellion: An Account of Rational, Sub-optimal Violence in Western Uganda,” Paper deposited at the Refugee Law Project, Makerere University, February 2004.

  174. 174.

    See, for example, Gerard Prunier, “Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo,” African Affairs, 103/412 (2004): 359–383; “Eastern Congo: The ADF-NALU’s Lost Rebellion,” International Crisis Group, December 19, 2012: 1–18.

  175. 175.

    Prunier, “Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo,”: 359–383; “Eastern Congo: The ADF-NALU’s Lost Rebellion,” International Crisis Group, December 19, 2012: 1–18; Aili M. Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime: 155, 156–157; “Uganda: IRIN Special Report on the ADF rebellion,” http://www.irinnews.org/report/11082/uganda-irin-special-report-on-the-adf-rebellion; Lucy Hovil and Eric Werker, “Potrait of a Failed Rebellion: An Account of Rational, Sub-optimal Violence in Western Uganda,” Paper deposited at the Refugee Law Project, Makerere University, February 2004.

  176. 176.

    “How ADF Chief Was Smoked Out in TZ,” Red Pepper Newspaper, Kampala, July 13, 2015; Aili M. Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime: 156–157.

  177. 177.

    See, for example, “Negotiating Peace: Resolution of Conflicts in Uganda’s West Nile Region,” Refugee Law Project Working Paper, 12 (June 2004); Prunier, “Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo”: 359–383.

  178. 178.

    See, for example, “Negotiating Peace: Resolution of Conflicts in Uganda’s West Nile Region,” Refugee Law Project Working Paper, 12 (June 2004); Artur Bogner and Dieter Neubert, “Negotiated Peace, Denied Justice?: The Case of West Nile (Northern Uganda),” African Spectrum, 3/2013: 55–84.

  179. 179.

    “Negotiating Peace: Resolution of Conflicts in Uganda’s West Nile Region,” Refugee Law Project Working Paper, 12 (June 2004); Aili M. Tripp, Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime: 156.

  180. 180.

    See, for example, Tood D. Whitmore, “Genocide or Just Another Casualty of War?: The implications of the Memo attributed to President Yoweri K. Museveni of Uganda. Practical Matters Journal (December 2010): 23.

  181. 181.

    Ibid.

  182. 182.

    Timothy Kalyegira, “Understanding the NRM and its impact on Uganda,” The Daily Monitor, March 5, 2008.

  183. 183.

    “I helped Besigye escape—Col. Mande,” The Daily Monitor, September 29, 2013. See also, “Col. Samson Mande, Acholi had a just cause in defending themselves,” Acholi Times, November 18, 2013.

  184. 184.

    I helped Besigye escape—Col. Mande,” The Daily Monitor, September 29, 2013.

  185. 185.

    “Col. Samson Mande, Acholi had a just cause in defending themselves,” Acholi Times, November 18, 2013.

  186. 186.

    Ogenga Otunnu, “The Path of Genocide in Northern Uganda,” Refuge, 17, 3 (1998): 4–13; Ogenga Otunnu, “Causes and consequences of the war in Acholiland,” Protracted Conflict, Elusive Peace: Initiatives to end the violence in Northern Uganda. London: Accord, 2002: 10–15; Balam Nyeko and Okello Lucima, “Profiles of the Conflict,” Protracted Conflict, Elusive Peace: Initiatives to end the violence in Northern Uganda. London: Accord, 2002: 16–23; Amnesty International, Breaking the Circle: Protecting Human Rights in the Northern War Zone. London: AI, 1999:13; Human Rights Watch, Abducted and Abused: Renewed Conflict in Northern Uganda. New York: HRW, July 2003; Human Rights Watch, The Scars of Death: Children Abducted by the LRA in Uganda. New York: HRW, 1997.

  187. 187.

    Ibid.

  188. 188.

    Mahmood Mamdani, “The 50th Anniversary of Uganda’s Independence: A View from society,” The New Vision, July 24, 2013.

  189. 189.

    See, for example, Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning; The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005; Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979; Thomas C. Thayer, How to Analyze a War without Fronts: Vietnam, 1965–1972. Washington, DC: Defense Research Projects Agency, 1975.

  190. 190.

    Human Rights Focus, Between Two Fires. Kampala: Human Rights Focus, 2002: 5.

  191. 191.

    Chris Dolan, Views on Northern Uganda Conflict from inside the war zone. London: ACCORD, 2000: 6.

  192. 192.

    Human Rights Watch, Stolen Children: Abduction and recruitment in Northern Uganda. March 2003, Vol. 15, No. 7 (A): 2. See also, Human Rights Focus, Between Two Fires. Kampala: Human Rights Focus, 2002: 50.

  193. 193.

    Cited in “Kazini Puts Foot in the North’s Mouth,” The Daily Monitor, September 24, 1997.

  194. 194.

    CSOPNU, Counting the Cost: Twenty Years of War in Northern Uganda. Kampala: CSOPNU. March 30, 2006: 14.

  195. 195.

    UNICEF, 2005 cited in CSOPNU, Ibid: 19.

  196. 196.

    United Nations, Final Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: UN, October 2002.

  197. 197.

    International Court of Justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo V. Uganda). The Hague: ICJ, 2005: 1–2. See also, Ogenga Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Actor in the War in Zaire,” in Howard Adelman and G.C. Rao., eds., War and Peace in Zaire/Congo. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004: 48–54; “Court Orders Uganda to Pay Congo Damages,” The Guardian, London, December 20, 2005.

  198. 198.

    “Reflections on the Northern Uganda Genocide,” The Black Star News, May 29, 2008.

  199. 199.

    Ibid.

  200. 200.

    Human Rights Watch, Uprooted and Forgotten: Impunity and Human Rights Abuses in Northern Uganda. New York: HRW, 2005, Vol. 17, No. 12 (A): 1.

  201. 201.

    See, for example, Human Rights Watch, Abducted and Abused: Renewed Conflict in Northern Uganda. New York: HRW, July 2003: 10–12.

  202. 202.

    “Reflections on the Northern Uganda Genocide,” The Black Star News, May 29, 2008.

  203. 203.

    Andrew Mwenda, “Family Rule in Uganda: How Museveni Clan Runs the Government,” The Independent Newspaper, Kampala, March 11, 2009.

  204. 204.

    Refugee Law Project, Behind the Violence: Causes, Consequences and the Search for Solutions to the War in Northern Uganda. Kampala: Makerere University, 2004: 11.

  205. 205.

    CSOPNU, Counting the Cost: 20.

  206. 206.

    See Diane F. Orentlicher, “Genocide,” in William L. Hewitt, ed., Defining the Horrific. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004: 3.

  207. 207.

    Human Rights Focus, Between Two Fires: 17, 25.

  208. 208.

    Human Rights Watch, Uprooted and Forgotten: Impunity and Human Rights Abuses in Northern Uganda. New York: HRW, 2005: Vol 17, No. 12(A), summary.

  209. 209.

    “Uganda Troops Accused of Rape,” People’s Media, April 20, 2005. See also, “Uganda Troops Accused of Rape,” April 20, 2005, AllAfrica.com

  210. 210.

    See, Refugee Law Project, They Slept with me. Video Advocacy Unit. December 10, 2011.

  211. 211.

    Ibid.

  212. 212.

    Justice and Reconciliation Project, Namokora Survivors’ Group Commemorates Massacre, Plan way forward. 2014: 19

  213. 213.

    Chris Dolan, Social Torture: The Case of Northern Uganda, 1986–2006. New York: Berhahn Books, 2009: 45.

  214. 214.

    Ibid: 147.

  215. 215.

    Reprinted in The Daily Monitor, January 8 and 9, 2006.

  216. 216.

    Human Rights Watch, Uprooted and Forgotten.

  217. 217.

    Ibid.

  218. 218.

    CSOPNU, Counting the Cost: 7.

  219. 219.

    The Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Health and World Health Organization, Health and Morality Survey Among the Internally Displaced Persons in Gulu, Kitgum and Pader Districts, Northern Uganda. Kampala: Uganda Government and World Health Organization, 2005.

  220. 220.

    Amnesty International, Breaking the Circle: Protecting Human Rights in the Northern War Zone. London: AI, 1999: 14–15.

  221. 221.

    Human Rights Focus, Between Two Fires: 19.

  222. 222.

    Dolan, Social Torture: 6.

  223. 223.

    Ibid: 109–151.

  224. 224.

    Acholi Religious Leaders’ Peace Initiative and the Justice and Peace Commission of Gulu Archdiocese, July 2001: 10–15.

  225. 225.

    Ibid: 10.

  226. 226.

    The Refugee Law Project, Behind the Violence: Causes, Consequences and the Search for Solutions to the War in Northern Uganda. Kampala: Makerere University, 2004: 11.

  227. 227.

    IRIN, web special on the crisis in northern Uganda, October 21, 1997. See also, The Daily Monitor, October 21, 1997.

  228. 228.

    Pete McCormack, “An Interview with Mahmood Mamdani,” Social Matters, October 17, 2005.

  229. 229.

    Patrick Wegner, “A Genocide in Northern Uganda,” Justiceinconflict, 2012.

  230. 230.

    Reproduced in “Reflections on the Northern Uganda Genocide,” The Black Stars News, May 29, 2008.

  231. 231.

    Amnesty International, Uganda: Human Rights Violations by the National Resistance Army. London: AI, 1991; Amnesty International, Uganda: Death in the Countryside: Killings of Civilians by the Army (1990); Amnesty International, Uganda: The Failure to Safeguard Human Rights (1992).

  232. 232.

    See, for example, The Daily Monitor, February 5, 2014.

  233. 233.

    Charles Obbo-Onyango, “The ghosts of north, eastern Uganda are warming to wake up: it is M7’s move now,” The Daily Monitor, February 5, 2014.

  234. 234.

    Ibid.

  235. 235.

    See McCormack, “An Interview with Mamdani.”

  236. 236.

    Helen Epstein, “Uganda: The General Challenges the Dictator,” The New York Review of Books, April 24, 2014.

  237. 237.

    The Lambeth Conference, Resolutions Archive from 1978. London: The Anglican Communion , 2005; Ogenga Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights: The Debates about the Anti-Homosexuality Bill in Uganda.” Paper presented at “Rountable: Sexuality, Law and Human Rights,” The John Hopkins University, April 23, 2010.

  238. 238.

    See, for example, “Five Anglican Bishops Flee Uganda, 13 remain hostages,” The Ottawa Citizen, March 10, 1977.

  239. 239.

    At least, since the Stonewall rebellion of 1969 in New York and subsequent successes by “gay” liberation and civil rights movements in the global north, the highly politicized tendency is to label those who support “gay’ and “gay” rights as pro-gay or pro-LGBTI and those who do not support homosexuality as a fixed social condition and self-identity or homosexual rights and defined and promoted in the global north as “anti-gay” or anti-LGBTI. The politics of labelling by those who recklessly claim absolute “truth,” morality and progress does not leave room for the complexity of the issue and complexity of responses.

  240. 240.

    The Lambeth Conference, Resolutions Archive from 1998. London: The Anglican Communion Office, 2005.

  241. 241.

    See, for example, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  242. 242.

    The Lambeth Conference, Resolutions Archive from 1998; Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universality of Rights.”

  243. 243.

    See, for example, observation made by Human Rights Watch, Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999: 58–59. See also, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  244. 244.

    See, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  245. 245.

    See, Otunnu, Ibid.

  246. 246.

    See, Otunnu, Ibid.

  247. 247.

    Otunnu, Ibid.

  248. 248.

    John S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy. London: Heinemann, 1971: 1. See also, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  249. 249.

    John S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy. London: Heinemann, 1971: 2.

  250. 250.

    Ibid: 2.

  251. 251.

    Ibid: 146.

  252. 252.

    Ibid: 147–148.

  253. 253.

    Ibid: 147.

  254. 254.

    Ibid: 148.

  255. 255.

    Ibid: 147.

  256. 256.

    See, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  257. 257.

    See Notes of the Lambeth Conference Reflections, 2008. London: The Anglican Communion Office, 2008.

  258. 258.

    See “The Complete Jerusalem Statement: Statement on the Global Anglican Future,” http://fea.net/resources/the-complete-jerusalem-statement.

  259. 259.

    See, for example, Stella Nyanzi, “Homosexuality in Uganda: The Paradox of Foreign Influence,” Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR) Working Paper No. 14 (March 2013): –9; Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  260. 260.

    See Deborah P. Amory, “‘Homosexuality’ in Africa: Issues and Debates,” Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 25, 1 (1997): 5–10. However, the “evidence” they refer to fails to acknowledge the fact that the homosexuality they focused on, based on self-identification and largely exclusive same-sex relationships, is a modern western-culture invention.

  261. 261.

    On images of savages, see, for example, Gustav Jahoda, Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. On imperial, colonial and Christian representation of Kabaka Mwanga, see, for example, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  262. 262.

    Amory, “’Homosexuality’ in Africa: Issues and Debates,” Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 25, 1 (1997): 8.

  263. 263.

    Ibid.

  264. 264.

    Conversations with LGBTI human rights organizations and LGBT leaders in Kampala, Nairobi, Chicago, Washington D.C., Durban (South Africa), and Toronto, 2009–2015. See also, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  265. 265.

    See “Orombi cautions flock against gays,” The Sunday Monitor, November 20, 2012.

  266. 266.

    Stella Nyanzi, “Homosexuality in Uganda: The Paradox of Foreign Influence,” MISR Working Paper, No. 14 (March 2013): Kampala: Makerere University: 5.

  267. 267.

    Ibid: 27–28.

  268. 268.

    Conversations with the leadership of the conservative Christian groups and bishops of the Church of Uganda, Huston (Texas), Kampala and Gulu (Uganda), 2008–2015; Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  269. 269.

    Ibid; Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  270. 270.

    Nyanzi, “Homosexuality in Uganda: The Paradox of Foreign Influence,”: See also, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  271. 271.

    See, for example, Lydia Boyd, “The Problem with Freedom: Homosexuality and Human Rights in Uganda,” Anthropological Quarterly,’ https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3064709521/the-problem-with-freedom-homosexuality-and-human; Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  272. 272.

    See Bill No. 18, The Anti Homosexuality Bill, 2009. Bills Supplement No. 13, 25 th September, 2009. Entebbe: UPPC, 2009.

  273. 273.

    See Bill No. 18, The Anti Homosexuality Bill, 2009. Bills Supplement No. 13, 25 th September, 2009. Entebbe: UPPC, 2009; Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  274. 274.

    See Bill No. 18, The Anti Homosexuality Bill, 2009. Bills Supplement No. 13, 25 th September, 2009. Entebbe: UPPC, 2009. See also, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  275. 275.

    Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  276. 276.

    Ibid. For an excellent work on the idea of collaborating or mediating elites, see Ronald Robinson, “Non-European foundation of European Imperialism: sketch for a theory of collaboration,” in Roger Owen and Bob Sutcliffe, eds., Studies in the Theory of Imperialism. London: Longman, 1980: 117–142.

  277. 277.

    See, for example, “If I kiss my wife in public I will lose elections in Uganda, Museveni,” Saturday Monitor, February 21, 2014; “Uganda president won’t even kiss wife in public,” Daily Nation, Kenya, February 21, 2014. See also, Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of .”

  278. 278.

    See, for example, “David Cameron ‘must not love his children’ because he allows homosexuality in the UK, Ugandan Minister of Ethics and Integrity claims,” The Independent, London, November 9, 2014; “Ugandan Reverend Simon Lokodo” ‘Child Rape Better than Homosexuality,” International Business Times, February 26, 2014; “Ethics minister in Uganda on why he stopped a gay meeting,” New Science Journalism Project, March 12, 2012.

  279. 279.

    See, for example, “Ugandan paper calls for gay people to be hanged,” The Guardian, London, October 21, 2010; “Martin Ssempa Responds to Rick Warren on Uganda’s Homosexuality Bill,” http://rewrite.news/article/2009/12/19/updated-martin-ssempa-responds.

  280. 280.

    See, for example, “Ghana’s President John Atta Mills has rejected the UK’s threat to cut aid if he refuses to legalise homosexuality,” BBC, November 2, 2011; “Foreign aid forRefugees:international aid for countries with anti-gay rights records to be slashed, pledges Cameron,” The Daily Mail, London, December 10, 2010; “Uganda fury at David Cameron aid threat over gay rights,” BBC, October 31, 2011; Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  281. 281.

    See Presidential Memorandum—International Initiatives to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons. Washington, D.C.: The White House Office of the Press Secretary, December 6, 2011.

  282. 282.

    Cited in https://globalequality.worldpress.com/tag/un-secretary-general-bank-kimoom.

  283. 283.

    See “UN chief calls on African leaders to protect gay rights,” http://france24.com/en/20120130-un-chief-ban-ki-moon-africa.

  284. 284.

    Otunnu, “Relativism versus Universalism of Rights.”

  285. 285.

    Conversations with presidential aides and NRM confidants of Museveni, Kampala, June-August, November-December, 2015.

  286. 286.

    Ibid.

  287. 287.

    See “Parliament outlaws homosexuality,” Parliamentary News, 326, Parliament of Uganda.

  288. 288.

    See “President Museveni’s full speech at the signing of Anti-Homosexuality Bill,” Daily Monitor, February 24, 2014.

  289. 289.

    Conversations with some leaders of Forum for Democratic Change, the Democratic Party, Uganda People’s Congress, the Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative, and the general public, Kampala, February 2014.

  290. 290.

    See, for example, “Desmond Tutu compares Uganda’s anti-gay bill with Hitler’s behavior in Nazi Germany,” The Independent, London, February 23, 2014; “Uganda donors cut aid after president passes anti-gay law,” The Guardian, London, February 25, 2014; “Uganda hit with foreign aid cuts over anti-gay law,” Al Jazeera, February 27, 2014; “US cuts aid to Uganda over anti-gay law,” Al Jazeera, June 20, 2014; “U.S. cuts aid to Uganda, cancels military exercise over anti-gay law,” Reuters, June 19, 2014; “Keep your gays and keep your aid, Uganda tells the West,” Telegraph, London, February 28, 2014.

  291. 291.

    See, “New Developments in the human rights and democracy situations in Africa,” Forum on the Participation of NGOs in the 55 th Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and 29 th African Human Rights Book Fair, Luanda, Angola, 24–26 April 2014.

  292. 292.

    “African NGOs up in arms against Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality Law,” Parliamentary News, 397, Parliament of Uganda.

  293. 293.

    See, for example, Stella Nyazi and Andrew Karamogi, “The Social-political dynamics of the anti-homosexuality legislation in Uganda,” Routledge, March 30, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2015.1024917.

  294. 294.

    See, for example, Press Statement: A Victory for Constitutionalism, Civil Society Coalition Statement on Annulment of Ugandan Anti-Homosexuality Act. Kampala, August 1, 2014; “Court nullifies the Anti-Homosexuality law,” Daily Monitor, August 1, 2014; “Uganda anti-gay law declared ‘null and void’ by constitutional court,” The Guardian, London, August 1, 2014.

  295. 295.

    See Press Statement: A Victory for Constitutionalism, Civil Society Coalition Statement on Annulment of Ugandan Anti-Homosexuality Act. Kampala, August 1, 2014.

  296. 296.

    “Anti-Homosexuality Bill will be retabled,” Parliamentary News, 442, Parliament of Uganda.; “165 MPs Sign Document to Return Anti-Gay Law,” Red Pepper, Kampala, August 7, 2014.

  297. 297.

    See, for example, “Anti-Gay Law Opportunity to spot Black Sheep MPs—Ntagali,” Red Pepper, Kampala, August 27, 2014.

  298. 298.

    Jacob Kushner, “The Brutal Consequences of Uganda’s infamous Anti-Gay Law,” http://www.vice.com/read/on-the-run-kenya-lgbt-v23nl.

  299. 299.

    Interview with some officials of the UNHCR and the Jesuit Refugee Service (East Africa), Nairobi, Kenya, July 5th, 2015.

  300. 300.

    See, for example, “Gay Ugandans regret fleeing to Kenya,” BBC, 10 November 2015.

  301. 301.

    Interview with some officials of the UNHCR and the Jesuit Refugee Service (East Africa), Nairobi, Kenya, July 5th, 2015. See also, Jacob Kushner, “Inside the Nightmares of Africa’s LGBT Refugees,” Huffpost Queer Voices, June 26, 2015.

  302. 302.

    For a similar view that cautions against generalizing every member of the Ugandan society opposed to homosexuality as homophobic, see, for example, Stella Nyazi and Andrew Karamogi, “The Social-political dynamics of the anti-homosexuality legislation in Uganda,” Routledge, March 30, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2015.1024917.

  303. 303.

    For a similar analysis, see, for example, Lydia Boyd, “The Problem with Freedom: Homosexuality and Human Rights in Uganda,” Anthropological Quarterly,’ http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3064709521/the-problem-with-freedom-homosexuality-and-human.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DePaul University, Chicago, USA

    Ogenga Otunnu

Authors
  1. Ogenga Otunnu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ogenga Otunnu .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Otunnu, O. (2017). Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016. In: Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56047-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56047-2_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56046-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56047-2

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation