Abstract
It is one of the characteristics of embedded and cyber-physical systems that both hardware and software must be taken into account.
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Notes
- 1.
This presentation is based on the assumption that a comprehensive coverage of Fourier approximations cannot be included in our course. Therefore, only the impact of these approximations is demonstrated by examples. Knowing the theory behind these examples would be beneficial.
- 2.
This would require knowing the signal to be filtered for an infinite amount of time.
- 3.
In practice, the case of equal voltages is not relevant, as the actual behavior for very small differences between the voltages at the two inputs depends on many factors (such as temperatures and manufacturing processes.) anyway.
- 4.
Such encoders are also useful for finding the most significant ’1’ in the mantissa of floating-point numbers.
- 5.
Fortunately, the conversion from digital to analog values (D/A-conversion) can be implemented very efficiently and can be very fast (see p. 176).
- 6.
This can be done with a capacitor in the feedback loop of an operational amplifier (see p. 383).
- 7.
According to http://anysilicon.com/semiconductor-wafer-mask-costs/, the average cost is currently about $Â 1.5Â M for a leading-edge 28-nm technology.
- 8.
In practice, the increase may actually come with a larger exponential.
- 9.
The availability of large flash memories makes memory size constraints less tight.
- 10.
We continue denoting multiplexers, arithmetic units, and memories by shape symbols, due to their widespread use in technical documentation. For memories, we adopt shape symbols including an explicit address decoder (included in the shape symbols for the ROMs on the right). These decoders identify the address input.
- 11.
The more recently introduced 64 bit instruction set places less emphasis on predicated execution.
- 12.
Using VHDL-notation (see p. 84), concatenation is denoted by an &-sign and constants are enclosed in quotes in Fig. 3.19.
- 13.
See Appendix C on page 385 for an introduction to paging.
- 14.
Rotation of this figure would improve its readability, but would contradict the official designation of this layout style.
- 15.
An intermediate hierarchy level called slices was present in earlier devices from Xilinx® but is not relevant for the discussion in this book.
- 16.
In practice, due to rise and fall times being > 0, transitions from one step to the next will not be ideal, but take some time.
- 17.
Reconstruction may be possible if additional information about the signal is available, i.e., if we restrict ourselves to certain signal types.
- 18.
The figure approximates information provided by H. De Man [347] and is based on information provided by Philips.
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Marwedel, P. (2018). Embedded System Hardware. In: Embedded System Design. Embedded Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56045-8_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56045-8_3
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