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Glutamine/Glutamate Transporters in Glial Cells: Much More Than Participants of a Metabolic Shuttle

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Glial Amino Acid Transporters

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 16))

Abstract

Glial glutamine and glutamate transporters play an important role in glial/neuronal interactions. An excellent model to establish the role of these membrane proteins is the cerebellum. The most abundant glutamatergic synapse in the central nervous system is present in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, and it is entirely wrapped by Bergmann glial cells. The recycling of glutamate involves glutamate and glutamine transporters enriched in these radial glial processes. The functional properties of amino acid glial transporters allow, in an activity-dependent manner, the conformation of protein complexes important for the adequate support of glutamatergic neurotransmission. A detailed description of the most important features of glial glutamate and glutamine transporters follows, and a working model of the molecular mechanisms by which these glutamate and glutamine binding proteins interact, and by these means might modulate cerebellar glutamatergic transactions, is presented.

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Abbreviations

AMPA:

Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate

ASC:

Alanine/serine/cysteine transporter subfamily

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BCH:

2-Aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid

CATs:

Cationic amino acid transporters

CNS:

Central nervous system

E15:

Embryonic day 15

E19:

Embryonic day 19

EAAT:

Excitatory amino acid transporter

EAAT1:

Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (GLAST, SLC1a3)

EAAT2:

Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (GLT-1, SLC1a2)

EAAT3:

Excitatory amino acid transporter 3

EAAT4:

Excitatory amino acid transporter 4

EAAT5:

Excitatory amino acid transporter 5

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Glut1:

Glucose transporter 1

GRIs:

Ionotropic glutamate receptors

GRIA2:

Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2

GRMs:

Metabotropic glutamate receptors

GSH:

Glutathione

KA:

Kainate

L-AP-4:

L-2-amino-phosphonobutanoate

LATs:

Light subunits of amino acid transporters

MeAIB:

2-Methylaminoisobutyric acid

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

mTOR:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin

NMDA:

N-Methyl-d-aspartate

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

PKB:

Protein kinase B

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

Quis:

Quisqualate

Rho:

Ras homolog gene family

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SA:

System A

SLC1:

Solute carrier family 1

SLC14A:

Solute carrier family 1 member 4 (ASCT1)

SLC15A:

Solute carrier family 1 member 5 (ASCT2)

SLC38:

Solute carrier family 38

SLC38A1:

Solute carrier family 38 member 1 (SNAT1)

SLC38A2:

Solute carrier family 38 member 2 (SNAT2)

SLC38A3:

Solute carrier family 38 member 3 (SNAT3)

SLC38A4:

Solute carrier family 38 member 4 (SNAT4)

SLC38A5:

Solute carrier family 38 member 5 (SNAT5)

SLC38A7:

Solute carrier family 38 member 7 (SNAT7)

SLC38A8:

Solute carrier family 38 member 8 (SNAT8)

SLC6:

Solute carrier family 6

SLC6A14:

Solute carrier family 6 member 14 (ATBo)

SLC6A15:

Solute carrier family 6 member 15 (BoAT2)

SLC6A19:

Solute carrier family 6 member 19 (BoAT1)

SLC7:

Solute carrier family 7

SLC7A5:

Solute carrier family 7 member 5 (LAT1)

SLC7A8:

Solute carrier family 7 member 8 (LAT2)

SN:

System N

SNAT:

Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter

tACPD:

1-Amino-4,5-cyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylate

Xc − :

Anionic amino acid transporter light chain, Xc-system, member 11 (SLC7a11)

xCT:

Functional subunit of anionic amino acid transporter light chain, Xc-system, member 11

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Acknowledgments

The work in our laboratories is supported by grants from Conacyt-México (255087) to A.O., Soluciones para un México Verde to A.O., and FOFI-UAQ2015 (FNN201608) to A.R.

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The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Querétaro, México

    Angelina Rodríguez

  2. Departamento de Toxicología, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado Postal 14-740, México, DF, 07360, México

    Arturo Ortega

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  1. Angelina Rodríguez
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  2. Arturo Ortega
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Correspondence to Arturo Ortega .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Toxicology, Cinvestav-IPN México City, México, Mexico

    Arturo Ortega

  2. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe

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Rodríguez, A., Ortega, A. (2017). Glutamine/Glutamate Transporters in Glial Cells: Much More Than Participants of a Metabolic Shuttle. In: Ortega, A., Schousboe, A. (eds) Glial Amino Acid Transporters. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55769-4_8

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