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Glial Amino Acid Transporters pp 297–314Cite as

Glutamate Transporters in the Blood-Brain Barrier

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Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 16))

Abstract

The amino acid L-glutamate serves a number of roles in the central nervous system, being an excitatory neurotransmitter, metabolite, and building block in protein synthesis. During pathophysiological events, where L-glutamate homeostasis cannot be maintained, the increased brain interstitial fluid concentration of L-glutamate causes excitotoxicity. A tight control of the brain interstitial fluid L-glutamate levels is therefore imperative, in order to maintain optimal neurotransmission and to avoid such excitotoxicity. The blood-brain barrier, i.e., the endothelial lining of the brain capillaries, regulates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolic waste products between plasma and brain interstitial fluid. It has been suggested that brain capillary endothelial cells could play an important role in L-glutamate homeostasis by mediating brain-to-blood L-glutamate efflux. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated blood-to-brain transport of L-glutamate, at least during pathological events. A number of studies have shown that brain endothelial cells express excitatory amino acid transporters, which may account for abluminal concentrative uptake of L-glutamate into the capillary endothelial cells. The mechanisms underlying transendothelial L-glutamate transport are however still not well understood. The present chapter summarizes the current knowledge on blood-brain barrier L-glutamate transporters and the suggested pathways for the brain-to-blood L-glutamate efflux.

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The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Hans Christian Cederberg Helms & Birger Brodin

  2. Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark

    Carsten Uhd Nielsen

  3. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Helle Sønderby Waagepetersen

Authors
  1. Hans Christian Cederberg Helms
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  2. Carsten Uhd Nielsen
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  3. Helle Sønderby Waagepetersen
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  4. Birger Brodin
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Correspondence to Birger Brodin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Toxicology, Cinvestav-IPN México City, México, Mexico

    Arturo Ortega

  2. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe

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Helms, H.C.C., Nielsen, C.U., Waagepetersen, H.S., Brodin, B. (2017). Glutamate Transporters in the Blood-Brain Barrier. In: Ortega, A., Schousboe, A. (eds) Glial Amino Acid Transporters. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55769-4_15

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