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Stem Cell Therapy for Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus

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Book cover Pancreas, Kidney and Skin Regeneration

Part of the book series: Stem Cells in Clinical Applications ((SCCA))

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Abstract

Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic, multifactorial autoimmune disease involving progressive destruction of pancreatic β cells, ultimately resulting in loss of insulin production/secretion, causing hyperglycemia. Replacement of damaged β cells by cell therapy can mitigate this condition and reestablish normal metabolic control. Existing gold standard treatment for T1DM is islet transplantation. However it offers limited rescue from exogenous insulin requirement due to paucity of islets required to reinstate normal blood glucose, immune rejection, and most importantly limited availability of donors. These questions have opened up new horizons for research and management, such as stem cells (SCs), cellular reprogramming, and β-cell regeneration. Results from ongoing clinical trials employing cell therapy designed to arrest T1DM will probably take up the center stage of management of DM in the coming years. SCs are cells with potential to differentiate into many types of cells/progeny and hold promise for providing abundant source of cells for treating T1DM. Surrogate β cells from non-β cells will prove efficient alternative sources, such as adult-/embryonic-/umbilical cord-derived cells. These will have intricate makeup of normal β cells like insulin secretion, which can be utilized in stimulation of β-cell renewal by replication/neogenesis. These cells have revealed increase in endogenous insulin production to some extent alleviating autoimmune demolition of β cells. The present review summarizes the historic as well as current knowledge of T1DM and describes development of cell therapeutics as a promising approach without undesirable side effects.

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Abbreviations

AD-MSC:

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell

BM:

Bone marrow

DC:

Dendritic cells

DCCTR:

Diabetes control and complication trial research

DCDM:

Diagnostic criteria for DM

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

ESC:

Embryonic stem cell

EV:

Extracellular vesicles

HbA1c:

Glycosylated hemoglobin

HSC:

Hematopoietic stem cell

IPC:

Insulin-producing cell

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

IPSC:

Insulin-producing stem cell

ISC:

Insulin-secreting cell

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

MODY:

Maturity onset diabetes of the young

SCT:

Stem cell therapy

T1DM:

Type-1 diabetes mellitus

T2DM:

Type-2 diabetes mellitus

UCB:

Umbilical cord blood

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgment

Author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in the references of this review chapter. The authors are also grateful to the author/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals, and books from where the literature for this chapter has been reviewed and discussed.

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  1. Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy and Department of Pediatrics, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre (IKDRC)- Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS), Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India

    Umang G. Thakkar MBBS, DCH, Aruna V. Vanikar & Hargovind L. Trivedi

  2. Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre (IKDRC)- Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS), Gujarat, 380016, India

    Aruna V. Vanikar

  3. Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre (IKDRC)- Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS), Gujarat, 380016, India

    Hargovind L. Trivedi

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  1. Umang G. Thakkar MBBS, DCH
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  2. Aruna V. Vanikar
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Correspondence to Umang G. Thakkar MBBS, DCH .

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  1. Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Phuc Van Pham

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Thakkar, U.G., Vanikar, A.V., Trivedi, H.L. (2017). Stem Cell Therapy for Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus. In: Pham, P. (eds) Pancreas, Kidney and Skin Regeneration. Stem Cells in Clinical Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55687-1_2

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