Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs), ~20–25 nucleotide (nt) in size, regulate various biological processes in plants through directing sequence-specific gene silencing. sRNAs are derived from either single- or double-stranded precursor RNAs. Proper levels of sRNAs are crucial for plant growth, development, genomic stability, and adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. Studies have identified the machineries controlling sRNA levels through biogenesis and degradation. This chapter covers recent progresses related to mechanisms governing small RNA biogenesis and degradation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abe M, Yoshikawa T, Nosaka M et al (2010) WAVY LEAF1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis HEN1, regulates shoot development by maintaining microRNA and trans-acting small interfering RNA accumulation in rice. Plant Physiol 154:1335–1346
Adenot X, Elmayan T, Lauressergues D et al (2006) DRB4-dependent TAS3 trans-acting siRNAs control leaf morphology through AGO7. Curr Biol 16:927–932
Allen E, Xie Z, Gustafson AM et al (2005) microRNA-directed phasing during trans-acting siRNA biogenesis in plants. Cell 121:207–221
Ameres SL, Horwich MD, Hung JH et al (2010) Target RNA-directed trimming and tailing of small silencing RNAs. Science 328:1534–1539
Ameres SL, Hung JH, Xu J et al (2011) Target RNA-directed tailing and trimming purifies the sorting of endo-siRNAs between the two Drosophila Argonaute proteins. RNA 17:54–63
Arikit S, Xia R, Kakrana A et al (2014) An atlas of soybean small RNAs identifies phased siRNAs from hundreds of coding genes. Plant Cell 26:4584–4601
Axtell MJ, Jan C, Rajagopalan R et al (2006) A two-hit trigger for siRNA biogenesis in plants. Cell 127:565–577
Baranauske S, Mickute M, Plotnikova A et al (2015) Functional mapping of the plant small RNA methyltransferase: HEN1 physically interacts with HYL1 and DICER-LIKE 1 proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 43:2802–2812
Baulcombe D (2004) RNA silencing in plants. Nature 431:356–363
Ben Chaabane S, Liu R, Chinnusamy V et al (2013) STA1, an Arabidopsis pre-mRNA processing factor 6 homolog, is a new player involved in miRNA biogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 41:1984–1997
Billi AC, Alessi AF, Khivansara V et al (2012) The Caenorhabditis elegans HEN1 ortholog, HENN-1, methylates and stabilizes select subclasses of germline small RNAs. PLoS Genet 8:e1002617
Blevins T, Pontvianne F, Cocklin R et al (2014) A two-step process for epigenetic inheritance in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell 54:30–42
Blevins T, Podicheti R, Mishra V et al (2015) Identification of Pol IV and RDR2-dependent precursors of 24 nt siRNAs guiding de novo DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. elife 4:e09591
Bologna NG, Voinnet O (2014) The diversity, biogenesis, and activities of endogenous silencing small RNAs in Arabidopsis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 65:473–503
Borges F, Martienssen RA (2015) The expanding world of small RNAs in plants. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:727–741
Borsani O, Zhu J, Verslues PE et al (2005) Endogenous siRNAs derived from a pair of natural cis-antisense transcripts regulate salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Cell 123:1279–1291
Burroughs AM, Ando Y, de Hoon MJ et al (2010) A comprehensive survey of 3′ animal miRNA modification events and a possible role for 3′ adenylation in modulating miRNA targeting effectiveness. Genome Res 20:1398–1410
Carlsbecker A, Lee JY, Roberts CJ et al (2010) Cell signalling by microRNA165/6 directs gene dose-dependent root cell fate. Nature 465:316–321
Castel SE, Martienssen RA (2013) RNA interference in the nucleus: roles for small RNAs in transcription, epigenetics and beyond. Nat Rev Genet 14:100–112
Chan CM, Zhou C, Brunzelle JS et al (2009a) Structural and biochemical insights into 2′-O-methylation at the 3′-terminal nucleotide of RNA by Hen1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:17699–17704
Chan CM, Zhou C, Huang RH (2009b) Reconstituting bacterial RNA repair and modification in vitro. Science 326:247
Chang HM, Triboulet R, Thornton JE et al (2013) A role for the Perlman syndrome exonuclease Dis3l2 in the Lin28-let-7 pathway. Nature 497:244–248
Chellappan P, Xia J, Zhou X et al (2010) siRNAs from miRNA sites mediate DNA methylation of target genes. Nucleic Acids Res 38:6883–6894
Chen X (2009) Small RNAs and their roles in plant development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 25:21–44
Chen T, Cui P, Xiong L (2015) The RNA-binding protein HOS5 and serine/arginine-rich proteins RS40 and RS41 participate in miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 43:8283–8298
Cho SK, Ben Chaabane S, Shah P et al (2014) COP1 E3 ligase protects HYL1 to retain microRNA biogenesis. Nat Commun 5:5867
Choi K, Kim J, Muller SY et al (2016) Regulation of microRNA-mediated developmental changes by the SWR1 chromatin remodeling complex. Plant Physiol 171:1128–1143
Coruh C, Shahid S, Axtell MJ (2014) Seeing the forest for the trees: annotating small RNA producing genes in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 18C:87–95
Dong Z, Han MH, Fedoroff N (2008) The RNA-binding proteins HYL1 and SE promote accurate in vitro processing of pri-miRNA by DCL1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:9970–9975
Dunoyer P, Brosnan CA, Schott G et al (2010) An endogenous, systemic RNAi pathway in plants. EMBO J 29:1699–1712
Fang Y, Spector DL (2007) Identification of nuclear dicing bodies containing proteins for microRNA biogenesis in living Arabidopsis plants. Curr Biol 17:818–823
Fang X, Cui Y, Li Y et al (2015a) Transcription and processing of primary microRNAs are coupled by elongator complex in Arabidopsis. Nat Plants 1:15075
Fang X, Shi Y, Liu X et al (2015b) CMA33/XCT regulates small RNA production through modulating the transcription of dicer-like genes in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 8:1227–1236
Fei Q, Xia R, Meyers BC (2013) Phased, secondary, small interfering RNAs in posttranscriptional regulatory networks. Plant Cell 25:2400–2415
Francisco-Mangilet AG, Karlsson P, Kim MH et al (2015) THO2, a core member of the THO/TREX complex, is required for microRNA production in Arabidopsis. Plant J 82:1018–1029
Fujioka Y, Utsumi M, Ohba Y et al (2007) Location of a possible miRNA processing site in SmD3/SmB nuclear bodies in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 48:1243–1253
Fukunaga R, Doudna JA (2009) dsRNA with 5′ overhangs contributes to endogenous and antiviral RNA silencing pathways in plants. EMBO J 28:545–555
Garcia D, Garcia S, Pontier D et al (2012) Ago hook and RNA helicase motifs underpin dual roles for SDE3 in antiviral defense and silencing of nonconserved intergenic regions. Mol Cell 48:109–120
Gasciolli V, Mallory AC, Bartel DP et al (2005) Partially redundant functions of Arabidopsis DICER-like enzymes and a role for DCL4 in producing trans-acting siRNAs. Curr Biol 15:1494–1500
Gregory BD, O'Malley RC, Lister R et al (2008) A link between RNA metabolism and silencing affecting Arabidopsis development. Dev Cell 14:854–866
Haag JR, Ream TS, Marasco M et al (2012) In vitro transcription activities of Pol IV, Pol V, and RDR2 reveal coupling of Pol IV and RDR2 for dsRNA synthesis in plant RNA silencing. Mol Cell 48:811–818
Haag JR, Brower-Toland B, Krieger EK et al (2014) Functional diversification of maize RNA polymerase IV and V subtypes via alternative catalytic subunits. Cell Rep 9:378–390
Hajheidari M, Farrona S, Huettel B et al (2012) CDKF;1 and CDKD protein kinases regulate phosphorylation of serine residues in the C-terminal domain of Arabidopsis RNA polymerase II. Plant Cell 24:1626–1642
Han BW, Hung JH, Weng Z et al (2011) The 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease Nibbler shapes the 3′ ends of microRNAs bound to Drosophila Argonaute1. Curr Biol 21:1878–1887
Herr AJ, Jensen MB, Dalmay T et al (2005) RNA polymerase IV directs silencing of endogenous DNA. Science 308:118–120
Horwich MD, Li C, Matranga C et al (2007) The Drosophila RNA methyltransferase, DmHen1, modifies germline piRNAs and single-stranded siRNAs in RISC. Curr Biol 17:1265–1272
Huang Y, Ji LJ, Huang QC et al (2009) Structural insights into mechanisms of the small RNA methyltransferase HEN1. Nature 461:823–U886
Ibrahim F, Rohr J, Jeong WJ et al (2006) Untemplated oligoadenylation promotes degradation of RISC-cleaved transcripts. Science 314:1893–1893
Ibrahim F, Rymarquis LA, Kim EJ et al (2010) Uridylation of mature miRNAs and siRNAs by the MUT68 nucleotidyltransferase promotes their degradation in Chlamydomonas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:3906–3911
Johnson C, Kasprzewska A, Tennessen K et al (2009) Clusters and superclusters of phased small RNAs in the developing inflorescence of rice. Genome Res 19:1429–1440
Jones-Rhoades MW, Bartel DP (2004) Computational identification of plant microRNAs and their targets, including a stress-induced miRNA. Mol Cell 14:787–799
Kamminga LM, Luteijn MJ, den Broeder MJ et al (2010) Hen1 is required for oocyte development and piRNA stability in zebrafish. EMBO J 29:3688–3700
Kamminga LM, van Wolfswinkel JC, Luteijn MJ et al (2012) Differential impact of the HEN1 homolog HENN-1 on 21U and 26G RNAs in the germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 8:e1002702
Karlsson P, Christie MD, Seymour DK et al (2015) KH domain protein RCF3 is a tissue-biased regulator of the plant miRNA biogenesis cofactor HYL1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:14096–14101
Katiyar-Agarwal S, Morgan R, Dahlbeck D et al (2006) A pathogen-inducible endogenous siRNA in plant immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:18002–18007
Khraiwesh B, Arif MA, Seumel GI et al (2010) Transcriptional control of gene expression by microRNAs. Cell 140:111–122
Kim S, Yang JY, Xu J et al (2008) Two cap-binding proteins CBP20 and CBP80 are involved in processing primary microRNAs. Plant Cell Physiol 49:1634–1644
Kim W, Benhamed M, Servet C et al (2009) Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 interferes with the miRNA pathway in Arabidopsis. Cell Res 19:899–909
Kim YJ, Zheng B, Yu Y et al (2011) The role of Mediator in small and long noncoding RNA production in Arabidopsis thaliana. EMBO J 30:814–822
Kirino Y, Mourelatos Z (2007) The mouse homolog of HEN1 is a potential methylase for Piwi-interacting RNAs. RNA 13:1397–1401
Koster T, Meyer K, Weinholdt C et al (2014) Regulation of pri-miRNA processing by the hnRNP-like protein AtGRP7 in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 42:9925–9936
Lange H, Holec S, Cognat V et al (2008) Degradation of a polyadenylated rRNA maturation by-product involves one of the three RRP6-like proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell Biol 28:3038–3044
Laubinger S, Sachsenberg T, Zeller G et al (2008) Dual roles of the nuclear cap-binding complex and SERRATE in pre-mRNA splicing and microRNA processing in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:8795–8800
Law JA, Jacobsen SE (2010) Establishing, maintaining and modifying DNA methylation patterns in plants and animals. Nat Rev Genet 11:204–220
Law JA, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA et al (2011) SHH1, a homeodomain protein required for DNA methylation, as well as RDR2, RDM4, and chromatin remodeling factors, associate with RNA polymerase IV. PLoS Genet 7:e1002195
Law JA, Du J, Hale CJ et al (2013) Polymerase IV occupancy at RNA-directed DNA methylation sites requires SHH1. Nature 498:385–389
Li J, Yang Z, Yu B et al (2005) Methylation protects miRNAs and siRNAs from a 3′-end uridylation activity in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 15:1501–1507
Li S, Vandivier LE, Tu B et al (2015) Detection of Pol IV/RDR2-dependent transcripts at the genomic scale in Arabidopsis reveals features and regulation of siRNA biogenesis. Genome Res 25:235–245
Liu N, Abe M, Sabin LR et al (2011) The exoribonuclease Nibbler controls 3′ end processing of microRNAs in Drosophila. Curr Biol 21:1888–1893
Machida S, Yuan YA (2013) Crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana Dawdle forkhead-associated domain reveals a conserved phospho-threonine recognition cleft for dicer-like 1 binding. Mol Plant 6:1290–1300
Manavella PA, Hagmann J, Ott F et al (2012) Fast-forward genetics identifies plant CPL phosphatases as regulators of miRNA processing factor HYL1. Cell 151:859–870
Mari-Ordonez A, Marchais A, Etcheverry M et al (2013) Reconstructing de novo silencing of an active plant retrotransposon. Nat Genet 45:1029–1039
Matzke MA, Mosher RA (2014) RNA-directed DNA methylation: an epigenetic pathway of increasing complexity. Nat Rev Genet 15:394–408
McCue AD, Panda K, Nuthikattu S et al (2015) ARGONAUTE 6 bridges transposable element mRNA-derived siRNAs to the establishment of DNA methylation. EMBO J 34:20–35
Montgomery TA, Rim YS, Zhang C et al (2012) PIWI associated siRNAs and piRNAs specifically require the Caenorhabditis elegans HEN1 ortholog henn-1. PLoS Genet 8:e1002616
Niu D, Lii YE, Chellappan P et al (2016) miRNA863-3p sequentially targets negative immune regulator ARLPKs and positive regulator SERRATE upon bacterial infection. Nat Commun 7:11324
Nozawa M, Miura S, Nei M (2012) Origins and evolution of microRNA genes in plant species. Genome Biol Evol 4:230–239
Nuthikattu S, McCue AD, Panda K et al (2013) The initiation of epigenetic silencing of active transposable elements is triggered by RDR6 and 21-22 nucleotide small interfering RNAs. Plant Physiol 162:116–131
Ohara T, Sakaguchi Y, Suzuki T et al (2007) The 3′ termini of mouse Piwi-interacting RNAs are 2′-O-methylated. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14:349–350
Onodera Y, Haag JR, Ream T et al (2005) Plant nuclear RNA polymerase IV mediates siRNA and DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation. Cell 120:613–622
Peragine A, Yoshikawa M, Wu G et al (2004) SGS3 and SGS2/SDE1/RDR6 are required for juvenile development and the production of trans-acting siRNAs in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 18:2368–2379
Piriyapongsa J, Jordan IK (2008) Dual coding of siRNAs and miRNAs by plant transposable elements. RNA 14:814–821
Pontier D, Picart C, Roudier F et al (2012) NERD, a plant-specific GW protein, defines an additional RNAi-dependent chromatin-based pathway in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell 48:121–132
Raghuram B, Sheikh AH, Rustagi Y et al (2015) MicroRNA biogenesis factor DRB1 is a phosphorylation target of mitogen activated protein kinase MPK3 in both rice and Arabidopsis. FEBS J 282:521–536
Rajagopalan R, Vaucheret H, Trejo J et al (2006) A diverse and evolutionarily fluid set of microRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Dev 20:3407–3425
Ramachandran V, Chen X (2008) Degradation of microRNAs by a family of exoribonucleases in Arabidopsis. Science 321:1490–1492
Ream TS, Haag JR, Wierzbicki AT et al (2009) Subunit compositions of the RNA-silencing enzymes Pol IV and Pol V reveal their origins as specialized forms of RNA polymerase II. Mol Cell 33:192–203
Ren G, Yu B (2012) Critical roles of RNA-binding proteins in miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis. RNA Biol 9:1424–1428
Ren G, Chen X, Yu B (2012a) Uridylation of miRNAs by HEN1 SUPPRESSOR1 in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 22:695–700
Ren G, Xie M, Dou Y et al (2012b) Regulation of miRNA abundance by RNA binding protein TOUGH in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:12817–12821
Ren G, Chen X, Yu B (2014a) Small RNAs meet their targets: when methylation defends miRNAs from uridylation. RNA Biol 11:1099–1104
Ren G, Xie M, Zhang S et al (2014b) Methylation protects microRNAs from an AGO1-associated activity that uridylates 5′ RNA fragments generated by AGO1 cleavage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:6365–6370
Ron M, Alandete Saez M, Eshed Williams L et al (2010) Proper regulation of a sperm-specific cis-nat-siRNA is essential for double fertilization in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 24:1010–1021
Ronemus M, Vaughn MW, Martienssen RA (2006) MicroRNA-targeted and small interfering RNA-mediated mRNA degradation is regulated by argonaute, dicer, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18:1559–1574
Saito K, Sakaguchi Y, Suzuki T et al (2007) Pimet, the Drosophila homolog of HEN1, mediates 2′-O-methylation of Piwi- interacting RNAs at their 3′ ends. Genes Dev 21:1603–1608
Shen BZ, Goodman HM (2004) Uridine addition after microRNA-directed cleavage. Science 306:997–997
Shivaprasad PV, Chen HM, Patel K et al (2012) A microRNA superfamily regulates nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeats and other mRNAs. Plant Cell 24:859–874
Slotkin RK, Freeling M, Lisch D (2005) Heritable transposon silencing initiated by a naturally occurring transposon inverted duplication. Nat Genet 37:641–644
Smith LM, Pontes O, Searle I et al (2007) An SNF2 protein associated with nuclear RNA silencing and the spread of a silencing signal between cells in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:1507–1521
Song X, Li P, Zhai J et al (2012a) Roles of DCL4 and DCL3b in rice phased small RNA biogenesis. Plant J 69:462–474
Song X, Wang D, Ma L et al (2012b) Rice RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 acts in small RNA biogenesis and spikelet development. Plant J 71:378–389
Speth C, Willing EM, Rausch S et al (2013) RACK1 scaffold proteins influence miRNA abundance in Arabidopsis. Plant J 76:433–445
Sun Z, Guo T, Liu Y et al (2015) The roles of Arabidopsis CDF2 in transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of primary microRNAs. PLoS Genet 11:e1005598
Tu B, Liu L, Xu C et al (2015) Distinct and cooperative activities of HESO1 and URT1 nucleotidyl transferases in microRNA turnover in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 11:e1005119
Ustianenko D, Hrossova D, Potesil D et al (2013) Mammalian DIS3L2 exoribonuclease targets the uridylated precursors of let-7 miRNAs. RNA 19:1632–1638
Wang L, Song X, Gu L et al (2013) NOT2 proteins promote polymerase II-dependent transcription and interact with multiple MicroRNA biogenesis factors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 25:715–727
Wang X, Zhang S, Dou Y et al (2015) Synergistic and independent actions of multiple terminal nucleotidyl transferases in the 3′ tailing of small RNAs in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 11:e1005091
Wu L, Zhou H, Zhang Q et al (2010) DNA methylation mediated by a microRNA pathway. Mol Cell 38:465–475
Wu L, Mao L, Qi Y (2012) Roles of dicer-like and argonaute proteins in TAS-derived small interfering RNA-triggered DNA methylation. Plant Physiol 160:990–999
Wu X, Shi Y, Li J et al (2013) A role for the RNA-binding protein MOS2 in microRNA maturation in Arabidopsis. Cell Res 23:645–657
Wyman SK, Knouf EC, Parkin RK et al (2011) Post-transcriptional generation of miRNA variants by multiple nucleotidyl transferases contributes to miRNA transcriptome complexity. Genome Res 21:1450–1461
Xie M, Yu B (2015) siRNA-directed DNA methylation in plants. Curr Genomics 16:23–31
Xie ZX, Allen E, Fahlgren N et al (2005) Expression of Arabidopsis MIRNA genes. Plant Physiol 138:2145–2154
Xie M, Zhang S, Yu B (2015) microRNA biogenesis, degradation and activity in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 72:87–99
Yan J, Gu Y, Jia X et al (2012) Effective small RNA destruction by the expression of a short tandem target mimic in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 24:415–427
Yang Z, Ebright YW, Yu B et al (2006) HEN1 recognizes 21-24 nt small RNA duplexes and deposits a methyl group onto the 2′ OH of the 3′ terminal nucleotide. Nucleic Acids Res 34:667–675
Yang GD, Yan K, Wu BJ et al (2012) Genomewide analysis of intronic microRNAs in rice and Arabidopsis. J Genet 91:313–324
Yang DL, Zhang G, Tang K et al (2016) Dicer-independent RNA-directed DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Cell Res 26:66–82
Ye R, Chen Z, Lian B et al (2016) A dicer-independent route for biogenesis of siRNAs that Direct DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell 61:222–235
Yoshikawa M, Peragine A, Park MY et al (2005) A pathway for the biogenesis of trans-acting siRNAs in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 19:2164–2175
Yu B, Yang Z, Li J et al (2005) Methylation as a crucial step in plant microRNA biogenesis. Science 307:932–935
Yu B, Bi L, Zheng BL et al (2008) The FHA domain proteins DAWDLE in Arabidopsis and SNIP1 in humans act in small RNA biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:10073–10078
Zhai J, Jeong DH, De Paoli E et al (2011) MicroRNAs as master regulators of the plant NB-LRR defense gene family via the production of phased, trans-acting siRNAs. Genes Dev 25:2540–2553
Zhai J, Zhao Y, Simon SA et al (2013) Plant microRNAs display differential 3′ – truncation and tailing, modifications which are ARGONAUTE1-dependent and conserved across species. Plant Cell 25:2417–2428
Zhai J, Bischof S, Wang H et al (2015a) A one precursor one siRNA model for pol IV-dependent siRNA biogenesis. Cell 163:445–455
Zhai J, Zhang H, Arikit S et al (2015b) Spatiotemporally dynamic, cell-type-dependent premeiotic and meiotic phasiRNAs in maize anthers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:3146–3151
Zhan X, Wang B, Li H et al (2012) Arabidopsis proline-rich protein important for development and abiotic stress tolerance is involved in microRNA biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:18198–18203
Zhang X, Xia J, Lii YE et al (2012) Genome-wide analysis of plant nat-siRNAs reveals insights into their distribution, biogenesis and function. Genome Biol 13:R20
Zhang H, Ma ZY, Zeng L et al (2013a) DTF1 is a core component of RNA-directed DNA methylation and may assist in the recruitment of Pol IV. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:8290–8295
Zhang S, Xie M, Ren G et al (2013b) CDC5, a DNA binding protein, positively regulates posttranscriptional processing and/or transcription of primary microRNA transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:17588–17593
Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu B (2014) PRL1, an RNA-binding protein, positively regulates the accumulation of miRNAs and siRNAs in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 10:e1004841
Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu B (2015) New insights into pri-miRNA processing and accumulation in plants. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 6:533–545
Zhao Y, Yu Y, Zhai J et al (2012) The Arabidopsis nucleotidyl transferase HESO1 uridylates unmethylated small RNAs to trigger their degradation. Curr Biol 22:689–694
Zheng B, Wang Z, Li S et al (2009) Intergenic transcription by RNA polymerase II coordinates Pol IV and Pol V in siRNA-directed transcriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 23:2850–2860
Zhu H, Hu F, Wang R et al (2011) Arabidopsis Argonaute10 specifically sequesters miR166/165 to regulate shoot apical meristem development. Cell 145:242–256
Zubko E, Meyer P (2007) A natural antisense transcript of the Petunia hybrida Sho gene suggests a role for an antisense mechanism in cytokinin regulation. Plant J 52:1131–1139
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Nebraska Soybean Board (Award 16R-05-3/3 #1706 to B.Y) and National Science Foundation (OIA-1557417 to B.Y).
Note
Due to the comprehensive nature of the review topic and limited space allowed for the paper, we apologize to the scientists whose work is not cited here.
No conflict interest declared.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yu, Q., Liu, Y., Li, M., Yu, B. (2017). Small RNA Biogenesis and Degradation in Plants. In: Rajewsky, N., Jurga, S., Barciszewski, J. (eds) Plant Epigenetics. RNA Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55520-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55520-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55519-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55520-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)