Abstract
The legislative provisions for archaeology related to public and private development in Ontario are among the most far-reaching in North America. Decisions related to the land-use process, which impacts most archaeological sites, are most often made at the municipal level, where the role of development approval resides. Many of the municipalities experiencing the greatest development pressures have undertaken detailed archaeological management plans to inform those planning decisions. These plans consider the known and potential archaeological resource base and define the means by which sites will be identified during land-use development and either protected or subjected to mitigative excavation. In this paper, we focus on the archaeological management plan employed by the City of Toronto and on the roles of descendant communities and other local interest groups in collaborative decision making in the archaeological planning context. We also note the importance heritage planners have placed on the public interpretation and commemoration of archaeological sites.
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Notes
- 1.
The Ipperwash Crisis occurred in 1995 over a long-standing land claim to Ipperwash Provincial Park, Ontario, filed by the Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nation with the federal government. The land had been expropriated from them during World War II by the federal government to establish a military training facility. The government had promised to return the land at the cessation of international hostilities. Failure to do so along with denied access to a former community burial ground led to occupation of the park and the death of one of the protesters during a violent confrontation with the Ontario Provincial Police. The land was returned to the nation in 2007. The inquiry into the death of the protester, Mr. Dudley George, also involved deliberations by Justice Linden on the formulation of policy that would help avoid similar situations in the future.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Sherene Baugher and William Moss for their invitation to participate in the Society for Historical Archaeology session for which a draft of this paper was prepared and to contribute to this volume. They along with Douglas Appler also provided helpful comments on this paper. We also thank David Cuming and Rebecca Sciarra for their help in clarifying certain Ontario planning issues. Shady Abbas prepared the location of archaeological management plans and archaeological potential maps.
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Williamson, R.F., Robertson, D.A., Hughes, S. (2017). Archaeological Resource Management in Toronto: Planning, Preservation, and Interpretation. In: Baugher, S., Appler, D., Moss, W. (eds) Urban Archaeology, Municipal Government and Local Planning. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55490-7_5
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