Skip to main content

Reflections on the New York City Archaeology Program (1980–2016)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 387 Accesses

Abstract

New York City has municipal laws requiring archaeological assessments on projects that involve discretionary permits. In 1980, a City Archaeology Program housed within the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission was established. The City Archaeologist evaluates the work of CRM firms, and many high-profile CRM excavations have taken place. From 1980–1990, the City Archaeologist with her grant-funded staff and volunteer corps also undertook archaeological excavations on Native American and European American sites on city-owned properties. As the economic climate changed, early innovative programs for public outreach involving tours, exhibits, and public participation on excavations on city-owned property were eliminated. Developers challenged the permitting process. However, municipal laws regarding archaeology are still intact and CRM archaeologists continue to excavate endangered sites on developers’ properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. (2003). New York: Construction of Foley Square U.S. courthouse and federal building, New York. Retrieved from: http://www.achp.gov/casearchive/casessum03NY1.html

  • AKRF. (2013). Final technical report, World Trade Center memorial and development plan: Data recovery and analysis of the WTC ship, Blocks 54, Lot 1 and Block 56, Lots 15, 20, and 21, New York, New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. (2001a). Turning archaeological problems into archaeological assets. In P. Lancaster, E. Plotkkin, J. Lerner, & M. D. Morris (Eds.), Construction in cities: Social, environmental, political, and economic concerns (pp. 135–155). Boca Raton, Fl: C.R.C. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. (2001b). Visible charity: The archaeology, material culture, and landscape design of New York City’s municipal almshouse complex, 1736–1797. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 5(2), 175–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. (2007). A hierarchy of poverty: The life of retired seamen at Sailors’ Snug Harbor, Staten Island, New York. Northeast Anthropologist, 73, 69–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. (2009). The John Street Methodist Church: An archaeological excavation with Native American cooperation. Historical Archaeology, 43(1), 46–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. (2010). Landscapes of power: middle class and lower class power dynamics in a New York charitable Institution. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 14(4), 475–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., & Baragli, J. (1987). The archaeological investigation at the Matron’s Cottage Snug Harbor Cultural Center, Staten Island, New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., Baragli, J., & DeCesare, L. (1985). The archaeological investigation of the Voorlezer House site, Staten Island, New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., Guston, J., Lenik, E., Dallal, D., Amorosi, T., Russell, D., & Brickman, B. (l991a). The John Street United Methodist Church: An archaeological investigation. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., Janowitz, M., Kodack, M., & Morgan, K. T. (1982). Towards an archaeological predictive model for Manhattan: A pilot study. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. & Lenik, E. J. (l991). An archaeological assessment of Blue Heron Park, Staten Island New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., & Lenik, E. J. (1997). Anatomy of an almshouse complex. Northeast Historical Archaeology, 26, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. & Lenik, E. J., Barto, S., Morgan, K., Pagano, D., & Venables, R.W. (1989). An archaeological planning model of Richmondtown Restoration, Staten Island, New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. & Lenik, E. J., Guston, J., Morgan, K. T. & Venables, R. W. (l991b). The archaeological investigation of the Conference House Park site, Staten Island, New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S. & Lenik, E. J. & Pagano, D. (l991c). Design through archaeology: An archaeological assessment of fifteen city-owned cultural institutions. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., Lenik, E., Plotts, D., Dallal, D., & Amorosi, T. (1990). The archaeological investigation at the City Hall Park Site, New York City. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., Santucci, G., Venables, R. W., & Stone, G. (1984). Preserving historic cemeteries. Pamphlet. New York, NY: NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., & Wall, D. (l997). Ancient and modern united: Archaeological exhibits in urban plazas. In J. Jameson Jr. (Ed.), Presenting archaeology to the public: Digging for truths (pp. 114–129). Walnut Creek, CA.: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, A.-M., & Wall, D. (2001). Unearthing Gotham: The archaeology of New York City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M. (2007). A brief history of the 1987 stock market crash with a discussion of the Federal Reserve Response. Federal Reserve Publications. Retrieved from http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2007/200713/200713pap.pdf

  • Cressey, P., & Vinton, N. (2007). Smart planning and innovative public outreach: The quintessential mix for the future of archaeology. In J. Jameson Jr. & S. Baugher (Eds.), Past meets present: Archaeologists partnering with museum curators, teachers, and community groups (pp. 393–410). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dallal, D., Janowitz, M., & Stone, L. (2011). Battery, walls, and clay pipes: Getting to know Colonial-Era New Yorkers through archaeology at the South Ferry Terminal Site. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop, D. W. (1990, May 6). A taste of the past to emend a builder’s blunder. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/06/realestate/commercial-property-state-street-penitent-taste-past-emend-builder-s-blunder.htmltaste-past-emend-builder-s-blunder.html

  • Dunlop, D. W. (2016, January 21). Evidence of burial ground is discovered in Harlem. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/nyregion/remains-discovered-at-an-east-harlem-site-thought-to-be-an-african-burial-ground.html?smid=nytcore-ipad-share&smprod=nytcoreipad&_r=0&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=N.Y.%20%2F%20Region&action=keypress&region=FixedLeft&pgtype=article.

  • Geismar, J. H. (Ed.) (1983). The archaeological investigation of the 175 Water Street block, New York City. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geismar, J. H. (1986). 17 State Street: An archaeological evaluation phase 1 documentation. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, S. P. M. (1993). Bones and Bureaucrats: New York’s great cemetery imbroglio. Archaeology, 46(2), 28–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G., Howson, J., & Bradley, B. (1993). The African Burial ground and the commons historic district designation report. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Historical Perspectives, Inc. (2004). Topic intensive documentary, Willis Avenue bridge reconstruction, Bronx counties and New York county, NY. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Historical Perspectives, Inc. (2011). Phase 1A archaeological assessment: Replacement of 126th street bus depot, 2460 Second Avenue, block 1803, Manhattan, New York. August 2011. Prepared for: Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard University & John Milner Associates. (1993). Research design for the archaeological, historical, and bioanthropological investigations of the African Burial Ground (Broadway Block) New York, New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howson, J., Bianchi, L., & Perry, W. (2009). Introduction. In W. Perry, J. Howson, & B. Bianco (Eds.), The New York African Burial Ground: Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York. Vol. 2 of The Archaeology of the New York African Burial Ground, (pp: 1-34). Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishayik, E. (2014, April 25). Refugees of Irish famine to get a proper burial. New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/nyregion/refugees-of-irish-famine-to-get-a-proper-burial.html

  • LaRoche, C., & Blakey, M. (1997). Seizing intellectual power: The dialogue at the New York African Burial ground. Historical Archaeology, 31(3), 84–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, M., & Blakey, M. (2004). The New York African Burial ground project: Past biases, current dilemmas, and future research opportunities. Historical Archaeology, 38(1), 10–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mascia, S. F. (2011, March). Rediscovering the Staten Island Quarantine Grounds. In The Staten Island in American History and 21st Century Education Conference, College of Staten Island, Staten Island, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Park Service. (2011). African Burial Ground. Pamphlet. Washington: Department of the Interior, National Park Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazaryan, A. (2011, December 18). City history locked away: The short unhappy life of New York Unearthed. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/…/city-history-locked-short-unhappy-li

  • New York City Mayor’s Office of Sustainability. (2015). CEQR laws and regulations: A brief history. Retrieved from: http://www.nyc.gov/html/oec/html/ceqr/legal_documents.shtml#legal_sources

  • NYC LPC (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission). (1966). 71 Pearl Street Designation #LP0041, 71 Pearl Street files at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • NYC LPC (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission). (1984). City archaeology program gravestone files at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • NYC LPC (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission). (1986a) 17 State Street project. 17 state street files at the New York City landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • NYC LPC (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission). (1986b). Memorandum of agreement regarding the public exhibit space at 17 State Street. 17 state street files at the New York City landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • NYC LPC (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission). (2002). Landmarks preservation commission guidelines for archaeological work in New York City. Retrieved from http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/lpc/downloads/pdf/pubs/ayguide.pdf

  • NYC LPC (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission). (2015). History of the landmarks law. Retrieved from http://www1.nyc.gov/site/lpc/about-lpc.page

  • NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. (2015). SEQR environmental impact assessment. Retrieved from http://www.dec.ny.gov/permits/357.html

  • Pagano, D. N. (1984). Urban archaeological resources and the law: A study of the City of New York. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagano, D. N. (2013). Native American archeological site survey, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, W., Howson J., & Bianco, B. (2009). Summary and conclusions. In W. Perry, J. Howson, and B. Bianco (Eds.), The New York African burial ground: Unearthing the African presence in Colonial New York, vol. 2, The archaeology of the New York African Burial Ground, (pp. 367–376). Washington: Howard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riess, W. C. (1987). The Ronson ship: The study of an eighteenth century merchantman excavated in Manhattan, New York, in 1982. Doctorial Dissertation, History Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riess, W. C., & Smith, S. O. (2015). The ship that held up Wall Street. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, M. (2005, June 22). Seaport Museum artifacts ship out. Archaeology Magazine online. Retrieved from: http://www.archive.archaeology.org/online/features/seaport/update2.html

  • Rothschild, N. (1990). New York City neighborhoods: The 18th century. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, N., & Wall, D. (2014). The archaeology of American cities. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, N., Wall, D., & Boesch, E. (1987). The archaeological excavation of the Stadt Huys block: A final report. Report on file at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, E. (2010, February 25). A burial ground and its dead are given new life. New York Times, Archives. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/arts/design/26burial.html?_r=0

  • Schiffman, L. (2005, January 10). No money for archaeology. Archaeology Magazine online. Retrieved from: http://www.archive.archaeology.org/online/features/seaport/update.html

  • Sutphin, A. (2016, January). New York City archaeological repository: Past, present, and future. In A. Sutphin (Chair). Symposium Conducted in the Annual Meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistical Research. (2009). The skeletal biology, archaeology, and history of the New York African Burial Ground: A synthesis of volumes 1, 2, and 3. Vol. 4 of New York African Burial Ground. Washington: Howard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlan, M. (2015). Historic preservation: Caring for our expanding legacy. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. (2004). Archaeology Sunk at Seaport Museum. Archaeology Magazine online. Retrieved from: http://www.archive.archaeology.org/online/features/seaport

  • Wall, D. (1986). Comments for the public hearing on the draft impact statement for the proposed construction of a 41-story office building located on Block 9, Lots 7, 9, 11, and 23, 17 State Street, Manhattan, CEQR no.85215 M, BSA no.53285BZ, Board of Standards and Appeals Chambers, 9 July 1986. PANYC Newsletter, 30, 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodoff, J. (1986). Proposed mitigation plan for 17 State Street. Cover letter and plan submitted to the Honorable Sylvia Deutsch, Chair, New York City Board of Standards and Appeals, August 22, 1986. 17 State Street files at the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamin, R. (Ed.) (2001). Becoming New York: The five points neighborhood (Thematic issue). Historical Archaeology 35(3).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sherene Baugher .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baugher, S. (2017). Reflections on the New York City Archaeology Program (1980–2016). In: Baugher, S., Appler, D., Moss, W. (eds) Urban Archaeology, Municipal Government and Local Planning. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55490-7_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55490-7_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55488-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55490-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics