Skip to main content

Sociological Perspectives on Parenting Stress: How Social Structure and Culture Shape Parental Strain and the Well-Being of Parents and Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Parental Stress and Early Child Development

Abstract

From a sociological perspective, parenting stress occurs in economic, social, and cultural contexts in which some parents are more disadvantaged than others. In this chapter, we discuss key sociological perspectives, such as stress process and life course theories, to illuminate the patterning of stressors impinging on parents, the resources they are able to bring to parenting, and ultimately, the well-being of parents and their children. Parents’ social class, race-ethnicity, gender, and other statuses are critical to understanding the types and levels of problems they experience, and the supports that they have in the parenting process. Future directions for the sociological study of parenting stress are articulated.

Research for this chapter was supported in part by a funding by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1R15HD083891-1 PI: Kei Nomaguchi)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aassve, A., Goisis, A., & Sironi, M. (2012). Happiness and childbearing across Europe. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 65–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aassve, A., Mencarini, L., & Sironi, M. (2015). Institutional Change, Happiness, and Fertility. European Sociological Review, 31(6), 749–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abidin, R. R. (2012). Parenting stress index (4th ed.). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acker, J. (1992). From sex roles to gendered institutions. Contemporary Sociology, 21(5), 565–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alwin, D. F. (1989). Changes in qualities valued in children in the United States, 1964 to 1984. Social Science Research, 18(3), 195–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amato, P. R. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. Journal of marriage and family, 72(3), 650–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aud, S., Fox, M., KewalRamani, A. (2010). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups. (NCES 2010–015). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avison, W.R. (2010). Family structure and women’s lives: A life course perspective. In W.R. Avison et al. (eds.), Advances in the conceptualization of the stress process: Essays in honor of Leonard I. Pearlin (pp. 71–92). New York:Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avison, W. R., Ali, J., & Walters, D. (2007). Family structure, stress, and psychological distress: A demonstration of the impact of differential exposure. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48(3), 301–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, W., & Karsten, L. (2013). Balancing paid work, care and leisure in post-separation households: A comparison of single parents with co-parents. Acta Sociologica, 56(2), 173–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (1995). The normal chaos of love. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M. (2011). Family change and time allocation in American families. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 638(1), 21–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2010). Work and family research in the first decade of the 21st century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 705–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., Robinson, J. P., & Milke, M. A. (2006). Changing rhythms of American family life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, C. E. (1997). Gender differences in the social and economic burdens of parenting and psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(4), 809–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blum, L. M. (2015). Raising generation Rx: Mothering kids with invisible disabilities in an age of inequality. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. L. (2004). Family structure and child well-being: the significance of parental cohabitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 351–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. N., Donato, K. M., Laske, M. T., & Duncan, E. M. (2013). Race, nativity, ethnicity, and cultural influences in the sociology of mental health. In Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 255–276). Netherlands:Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budig, M. J., & Hodges, M. J. (2010). Differences in disadvantage variation in the motherhood penalty across white women’s earnings distribution. American Sociological Review, 75(5), 705–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, C., & Gates, G. J. (2008). Gay and lesbian partnership: Evidence from California. Demography, 45(3), 573–590.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, E. A., & Golinelli, D. (2013). Prisoners in 2012. Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassells, R. & Evans, G. (in this volume). Ethnic variation in poverty and parenting stress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, R., & Kanatsu, A. (2008). Beyond socioeconomics: Explaining ethnic group differences in parenting through cultural and immigration processes. Applied Developmental Science, 12(4), 181–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherlin, A. J. (2010). Demographic trends in the United States: A review of research in the 2000s. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 403–419.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coles, R. L. (2009). Just Doing What They Gotta Do Single Black Custodial Fathers Coping With the Stresses and Reaping the Rewards of Parenting. Journal of Family Issues, 30(10), 1311–1338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65(2), 541–561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. E., McLanahan, S. S., Meadows, S. O., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Family structure transitions and maternal parenting stress. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 558–574.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Copen CE, Daniels K, Mosher WD. (2013). First premarital cohabitation in the United States: 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth. National health statistics reports; no 64. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K. & Ross, E. (in this volume). Parenting stress and parental efficacy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damaske, S. (2011). For the family? How class and gender shape women’s work. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2004). Parenting stress. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Denny, K., Brewton-Tiayon, S., Lykke, L. C., & Milkie, M. A. (2014). Admonished, then excused: portrayals of fathers’ low levels of involvement with children across the 20th and 21st centuries. Fathering, 12(3), 221–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, S. V., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Graber, J. A. (2008). The roles of respect for parental authority and parenting practices in parent-child conflict among African American, Latino, and European American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dow, D. M. (2016). The Deadly Challenges of Raising African American Boys Navigating the Controlling Image of the “Thug”. Gender & Society, 30(2), 161–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doucet, A. (2006). Do men mother? Fathering, care, and domestic responsibility. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edin, K., & Kefalas, M. (2005). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H. (1999). Children of the Great Depression: Social change in life experience, 25th (anniversary ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, S., Powell, R., & Brenton, J. (2015). Being a good mom: Low-income, black single mothers negotiate intensive mothering. Journal of Family Issues, 36(3), 351–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evenson, R. J., & Simon, R. (2005). Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(4), 341–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finegood, E. D., & Blair, C. (in this volume). Relating poverty and parenting stress to emergent executive functions in young children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingerman, K. L., Pitzer, L., Lefkowitz, E. S., Birditt, K. S., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Ambivalent relationship qualities between adults and their parents: Implications for the well-being of both parties. Journal of Gerontology B Series, 63, P362–P371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, B. (2009). When couples become parents: The creation of gender in the transition to parenthood. University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frech, A., & Damaske, S. (2012). The relationships between mothers’ work pathways and physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(4), 396–412.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, S. K., & Gerstel, N. (2001). Connections and Constraints: The Effects of Children on Caregiving. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 265–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstel, N., & Clawson, D. (2015). Class advantage and the gender divide: Flexibility on the job and at home. American Journal of Sociology, 120(2), 395–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson-Davis, C. M. (2008). Family structure effects on maternal and paternal parenting in low-income families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 452–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, J., Simon, R. W., & Andersson, K. G. (2016). Parenthood and happiness: Effects of work-family reconciliation policies in 22 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glavin, P., Schieman, S., & Reid, S. (2011). Boundary-spanning work demands and their consequences for guilt and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behvaior, 52(1), 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaze, L. E., & Maruschak, L. M. (2008). Parents in prison and their minor children. (Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, K. M., Ensminger, M. E., Robertson, J. A., & Juon, H. S. (2006). Impact of adult sons’ incarceration on African American mothers’ psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 430–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, E., & Marks, N. (2006). Linked lives: Adult children’s problems and their parents’ psychological and relational well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 442–454.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grieco, E. (2010). Race and Hispanic origin of the foreign-born population in the United States: 2007. American community survey reports, ACS-11. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzzo, K. B. (2014). New partners, more kids multiple-partner fertility in the United States. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 654(1), 66–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern-Meekin, S., & Turney, K. (2016). Relationship churning and parenting stress among mothers and fathers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 715–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, K. V. (2005). Not-so-nuclear families: Class, gender, and networks of care. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofferth, S. L. (2006). Residential father family type and child well-being: Investment versus selection. Demography, 43(1), 53–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, D. (2012). Family consequences of children’s disabilities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohmann-Marriot, B. E., & Amato, P. (2008). Relationship quality in interethnic marriages and cohabitations. Social Forces, 87(2), 825–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, J. (1981). Social structure and personality. In M. Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology: Social perspectives (pp. 525–561). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, T., & Klinth, R. (2007). Caring fathers: The ideology of gender equality and masculine positions. Men and masculinities, 11(1), 42–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., Oakes, J. M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C., Davis, K. D., et al. (2014). Changing work and work-family conflict evidence from the work, family, and health network. American Sociological Review, 79(3), 485–516.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick Johnson, M. (2013). Parental Financial Assistance and Young Adults’ Relationships With Parents and Well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(3), 713–733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koropeckyj-Cox, T. (2002). Beyond parental status: Psychological well-being in middle and old age. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(4), 957–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz, D. (2000). Work-family issues of mothers of teenage children. Qualitative Sociology, 23(4), 435–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz, D. (2006). Keeping tabs on teenagers. In J. F. Gubruim & J. A. Holstein (Eds.), Couples, kids, and family life (pp. 84–103). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (2000). The history of research on father involvement: An overview. Marriage & Family Review, 29(2–3), 23–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanctôt, N., Cernkovich, S. A., & Giordano, P. C. (2007). Delinquent behavior, official delinquency, and gender: consequences for adulthood functioning and well-being. Criminology, 45(1), 131–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhood: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRossa, R., & LaRossa, M. M. (1981). Transition to parenthood. Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, A. J., Frost, D. M., & Wight, R. G. (2015). Minority stress and stress proliferation among same-sex and other marginalized couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 40–59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, G. R., Peek, C. W., & Coward, R. T. (1998). Race differences in filial responsibility expectations among older parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 404–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., & Zhou, M. (2013). Frames of achievement and opportunity horizons: Second-generation Chinese, Vietnamese, and Mexicans in Los Angeles. In D. Card & S. Raphael (Eds.), Immigration, poverty, and socioeconomic inequality (pp. 206–231). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Jamie M. and Rose M. Kreider. (2015). Remarriage in the United States. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC. American Community Survey Reports, ACS-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPhee, D., Fritz, J., & Miller-Heyl, J. (1996). Ethnic variations in personal social networks and parenting. Child Development, 67(6), 3278–3295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. D. (2015). Remarriage is–and is not–what it used to be: new report outlines diverse trends. Brief Report, Council on Contemporary Families June 2. Retrieved from: https://contemporaryfamilies.org/remarriage-brief-report/.

  • Manning, W. D., Brown, S. L., & Stykes, B. (2015). Trends in births to single and cohabiting mothers, 1980 – 2013. National Center for Family & Marriage Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. D., Fettro, M. N., & Lamidi, E. (2014). Child well-being in same-sex parent families: Review of research prepared for American Sociological Association Amicus Brief. Population Research and Policy Review, 33(4), 485–502.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. D., & Stykes, B. (2015). Twenty-five years of changes in cohabitation in the U.S., 1987 – 2013. (FP-15–01). National Center for Family & Marriage Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolis, R., & Myrskylä, M. (2011). A global perspective on happiness and fertility. Population and Development Review, 37(1), 29–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meezan, W., & Rauch, J. (2005). Gay marriage, same-sex parenting, and America’s children. The Future of Children, 15(2), 97–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A. (2010). The stress process model: Some family-level considerations. In W.R. Avison et al. (eds.), Advances in the conceptualization of the stress process: Essays in honor of Leonard I. Pearlin (pp. 93–108). New York:Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Bianchi, S. M., Mattingly, M. J., & Robinson, J. P. (2002). Gendered division of childrearing: Ideals, realities, and the relationship to parental well-being. Sex Roles, 47(1/2), 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Bierman, A., & Schieman, S. (2008). How adult children influence older parents’ mental health: Integrating stress-process and life-course perspectives. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(1), 86–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., & Denny, K. E. (2014). Changes in the cultural model of father involvement: Descriptions of benefits to fathers, children and mothers in Parents’ Magazine, 1926–2006. Journal of Family Issues, 35(2), 223–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Kendig, S. M., Nomaguchi, K. M., & Denny, K. E. (2010). Time with children, children’s well-being, and work-family balance among employed parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1329–1343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Mattingly, M. J., Nomaguchi, K. M., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004). The time squeeze: Parental statuses and feelings about time with children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 739–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Nomaguchi, K., & Schieman, S. (2016). Time deficits with children: The relationship to mothers’ and fathers’ mental and physical health. Paper presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Seattle, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Norris, N., & Bierman, A. (2011). The long arm of offspring: Adult children’s troubles as teenagers and elderly parents’ mental health. Research on Aging, 33(3), 327–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Raley, S. B., & Bianchi, S. M. (2009). Taking on the second shift: Time allocations and time pressures of US parents with preschoolers. Social Forces, 88(2), 487–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., & Warner, C. H. (2014). Status safeguarding: Mothering work as safety net. In L. Ennis (Ed.), Intensive mothering: The cultural contradictions of modern motherhood (pp. 66–85). Bradford, ON: Demeter Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirowsley, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress (2nd ed.). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munch, A., McPherson, J. M., & Smith-Lovin, L. (1997). Gender, children, and social contact: The effects of childrearing for men and women. American Sociological Review, 62(4), 509–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musick, K., England, P., Edgington, S., & Kangas, N. (2009). Education differences in intended and unintended fertility. Social Forces, 88(2), 543–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neece, C. L., & Chan, N. (in this volume). The Stress of parenting children with developmental disabilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M. K. (2010). Parenting out of control: Anxious parents in uncertain times. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M. (2009). Change in work-family conflict among employed parents between 1977 and 1997. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(1), 15–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M. (2012a). Parenthood and psychological well-being: Clarifying the role of child age and parent-child relationship quality. Social Science Research, 41(2), 489–498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M. (2012b). Marital status, gender, and home-to-job conflict among employed parents. Journal of Family Issues, 33(3), 271–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Brown, S. L. (2011). Parental strains and rewards among mothers: The role of education. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(3), 621–636.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., Brown, S.L., & Leyman, T. M. (2015). Father involvement and mothers’ parenting stress: The role of relationship status. Journal of Family Issues. Published online, December 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., & Fettro, M. N. (2016). Mothers’ employment patterns in early childhood and child outcomes at age 15. Paper presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Seattle, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., & House, A. N. (2013). Racial-ethnic disparities in maternal parenting stress: The role of structural disadvantages and parenting values. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54(3), 386–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., & Johnson, W. (2016). Parenting stress among low-income and working-class fathers: The role of employment. Journal of Family Issues. Forthcoming in August issue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., Johnson, W. L., Minter, M., & Aldrich, L. (2017) Clarifying the association between mother-father relationship aggression and parenting. Journal of Marriage and Family79(1), 161–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Milkie, M. (2003). Costs and rewards of children: The effects of becoming a parent on adults’ lives. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 413–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2016). “You must work hard”: Changes in U.S. adults’ values for children, 1986 – 2014. Paper presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting of American Sociological Association. Seattle, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M., Milkie, M., & Bianchi, S. (2005). Time strains and psychological well-being: Do dual-earner mothers and fathers differ? Journal of Family Issues, 26(6), 756–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (2006). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 241–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1983). Role strains and personal stress (pp. 3–32). Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(3), 241–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1999). The stress process revisited. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 395–415). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Bierman, A. (2013). Current issues and future directions in research into the stress process. In C. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 325–340). Netherlands: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social behavior, 337–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillemer, K., & Suitor, J. J. (1991). Will I ever escape my child’s problems? Effects of adult children’s problems on elderly parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(3), 585–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollmann-Schult, M. (2014). Parenthood and Life Satisfaction: Why Don’t Children Make People Happy? Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(2), 319–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Presser, H. B. (2000). Nonstandard work schedules and marital instability. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(1), 93–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. (2015). Our kids: The American dream in crisis. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian, Z., & Lichter, D. T. (2011). Changing patterns of interracial marriage in a multiracial society. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(5), 1065–1084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1988). Child care and emotional adjustment to wives’ employment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29(2), 127–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C. E., & Van Willigen, M. (1996). Gender, Parenthood, and Anger. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(3), 572–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C. E., & Van Willigen, M. (1997). Education and the subjective quality of life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(3), 275–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, M. B. (2011). Adult Supervision Required: Private Freedom and Public Constraints for Parents and Children. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schieman, S., & Glavin, P. (2011). Education and work-family conflict: Explanations, contingencies and mental health consequences. Social Forces, 89(4), 1341–1362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schieman, S., Milkie, M. A., & Glavin, P. (2009). When work interferes with life: Work-nonwork interference and the influence of work-related demands and resources. American Sociological Review, 74(6), 966–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, R. W. (1992). Parental role strains, salience of parental identity and gender differences in psychologial distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(1), 25–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Small, M. L. (2009). Unanticipated gains: Origins of network inequality in everyday life. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spitze, G., Logan, J. R., Deane, G., & Zerger, S. (1994). Adult children’s divorce and intergenerational relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(2), 279–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stavrova, O., & Fetchenhauer, D. (2015). Married and cohabiting parents’ well-being: The effects of a cultural normative context across countries. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(5), 601–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strazdins, L., Clements, M. S., Korda, R. J., Broom, D. H., & D’Souza, R. M. (2006). Unsociable work? Nonstandard work schedules, family relationships, and children’s well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 394–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, J. H. (2012). Pregnancy Intentions and Parents’ Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 1182–1196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swisher, R. R., & Waller, M. R. (2008). Confining fatherhood incarceration and paternal involvement among nonresident white, African American, and Latino fathers. Journal of Family Issues, 29(8), 1067–1088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K., & Carlson, M. J. (2011). Multipartnered fertility and depression among Fragile Families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 570–587.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2013). Redefining Relationships Explaining the Countervailing Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Parenting. American Sociological Review, 78(6), 949–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umberson, D. (1992). Relationships between adult children and their parents: Psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(3), 664–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umberson, D., & Gove, W. R. (1989). Parenthood and psychological well-being theory, measurement, and stage in the family life course. Journal of Family Issues, 10(4), 440–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umberson, D., Pudrovska, T., & Reczek, C. (2010). Parenthood, childlessness, and well-being: A life course perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 612–629.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Umberson, D., Thomeer, M., & Williams, K. (2013). Family status and mental health: Recent advances and future directions. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of mental health (2nd ed., pp. 405–431). United States: Springer Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van der Heijden, F., Poortman, A.-R., & Van der Lippe, T. (2016). Children’s Postdivorce Residence Arrangements and Parental Experienced Time Pressure. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(2), 468–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villalobos, A. (2014). Motherload: Making it all better in insecure times. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, R. (2008). Multiple parent-adult child relations and well-being in middle and later life. Journal of Gerontology Series B, 63, S239–S247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, C. H. (2010). Emotional safeguarding: Exploring the nature of middle-class parents’ school involvement. Sociological Forum, 25(4), 703–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B., Young, M/. Montazer, S., & Stuart-Lahman, K. (2013). Social stress in the twenty-first century. In C. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of sociology of mental health (2nd ed., pp. 299–323). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C., Schnittker, J., & Turney, K. (2012). Despair by association? The mental health of mothers with children and recently incarcerated fathers. American Sociological Review, 77(2), 216–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. (2003). Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(4), 470–487.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kei Nomaguchi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nomaguchi, K., Milkie, M.A. (2017). Sociological Perspectives on Parenting Stress: How Social Structure and Culture Shape Parental Strain and the Well-Being of Parents and Children. In: Deater-Deckard, K., Panneton, R. (eds) Parental Stress and Early Child Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55376-4_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics