Skip to main content

The Principal–Agent Model, Accountability and Democratic Legitimacy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics ((PSEUP))

Abstract

This chapter explores the normative underpinnings of the principal–agent model. These are situated in Rousseau’s analysis of the representative democracy and Weber’s study of the bureaucracy. Whereas many of their arguments still maintain their value in present-day politics, the empirical reality in which these ideas developed has changed drastically. The rise of alternative forms of public contestation, and above all, the multi-level decision-making setting of the EU, begs the question for which contemporary debates the principal–agent model still holds moral sway. We argue that—while principal–agent analyses can benefit from an explicit normative debate—the model is too reductionist to provide conclusive answers to such debates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Adriaensen, J. (2016). National administrations in EU trade policy: Maintaining the capacity to control. London: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andeweg, R. (2007). A comment on Auel, Benz, and Maurer. In B. Kohler-Koch & B. Rittberger (Eds.), Debating the democratic legitimacy of the European Union (pp. 102–110). Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andeweg, R., & Thomassen, J. (2005). Modes of political representation: Toward a new typology. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30(4), 507–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blom-Hansen, J. (2005). Principals, agents, and the implementation of EU cohesion policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 12(4), 624–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovens, M. (2007). Analysing and assessing accountability: A conceptual framework. European Law Journal, 13(4), 447–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandsma, G.J. (2010). Accounting for input in comitology committees: An uncomfortable silence. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(4), 487–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandsma, G.J., & Blom Hansen, J. (2012). Negotiating the post‐Lisbon comitology system: Institutional battles over delegated decision‐making. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(6), 939–957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandsma, G.J. (2013). Bending the rules: Arrangements for sharing technical and political information between the EU institutions. European Integration Online Papers, 17(8).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandsma, G.J. (2016). Holding the European Commission to account: The promise of delegated acts. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 82(4), 656–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busuioc, M. (2013). European agencies: Law and practices of accountability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busuioc, E., & Lodge, M. (2016). The reputational basis of public accountability. Governance, 29(2), 247–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, T., & Dobbels, M. (2013). Non‐legislative rule making after the Lisbon treaty: Implementing the new system of comitology and delegated acts. European Law Journal, 19(1), 42–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delreux, T., & Adriaensen, J. (2017). Introduction. Use and limitations of the principal–agent model in studying the European Union. In T. Delreux & J. Adriaensen (Eds.), The principal–agent model and the European Union (pp. 1–34). London: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgie, R. (2002). The politics of the European Central Bank: principal–agent theory and the democratic deficit. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(2), 186–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flinders, M. (2004). Distributed public governance in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(3), 520–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Font, N., & Pérez Durán, I. (2016). The European Parliament oversight of EU agencies through written questions. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1349–1366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franchino, F. (2002). Efficiency or credibility? Testing the two logics of delegation to the European Commission. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(5), 677–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerring, J., & Yesnowitz, J. (2006). A normative turn in political science? Polity, 38(1), 101–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilardi, F. (2007). The Same, but different: Central Banks, regulatory agencies, and the politics of delegation to independent authorities. Comparative European Politics, 5(3), 303–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groenleer, M. (2009). The autonomy of European Union agencies: A comparative study of institutional development. Delft: Eburon Uitgeverij BV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, J., & Shipan, C. (2000). The costs of control: Legislators, agencies, and transaction costs. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 25(1), 25–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaeding, M., & Stack, K. (2015). Legislative scrutiny? The political economy and practice of legislative vetoes in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(6), 1268–1284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassim, H., & Menon, A. (2003). The principal–agent approach and the study of the European Union: Promise unfulfilled? Journal of European Public Policy, 10(1), 121–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupia A., & McCubbins, M. (1994). Designing bureaucratic accountability. Law and Contemporary Problems, 57(1), 91–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mair, P., & Thomassen, J. (2010). Political representation and government in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(1), 20–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnette, P. (2001). Appointing and censuring the European Commission: The adaptation of parliamentary institutions to the community context. European Law Journal, 7(3), 292–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majone, G. (2001). Two logics of delegation agency and fiduciary relations in EU governance. European Union Politics, 2(1), 103–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent “yes”. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. (2009). A “selection model” of political representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 17 (4), 369–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCubbins, M., & Schwartz, T. (1984). Congressional oversight overlooked: Police patrols versus fire alarms. American Journal of Political Science, 28(1), 165–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, K. (2002). Rational fictions: Central Bank independence and the social logic of delegation. West European Politics, 25(1), 47–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. (2005). The political evolution of principal–agent models. Annual Review of Political Science, 8, 203–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moravcsik, A. (2002). Reassessing legitimacy in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(4), 603–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naurin, D. (2006). Transparency, publicity, accountability—The missing links. Swiss Political Science Review, 12(3), 90–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philp, M. (2009). Delimiting democratic accountability. Political Studies, 57(1), 28–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piattoni, S. (2013). Representation as delegation: A basis for EU democracy? Journal of European Public Policy, 20(2), 224–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitkin, H. (1967). The concept of representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, M. (1997). Delegation, agency, and agenda setting in the European Community. International Organization, 51(1), 99–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, M. (2003). Control mechanism or deliberative democracy? Two images of comitology. Comparative Political Studies, 36(1–2), 125–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, G. (2004). Political representation in comparative politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 7, 273–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Przeworski, A., Stokes, S., & Manin, B. (1999). Democracy, accountability, and representation (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, M., & Jungblut, B. (2007). European Union external trade policy: Multilevel principal–agent relationships. Policy Studies Journal, 35(3), 395–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D. (2004). Industrial policy for the twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risse, T. (2015). A community of Europeans? Transnational identities and public spheres. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risse, T., & Kleine, M. (2007). Assessing the legitimacy of the EU’s treaty revision methods. Journal of Common Market Studies, 45(1), 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, J. (1973 [1779]). The social contract, or principles of political right. Book II. Translated by G. Cole. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharpf, F. (1999). Governing in Europe: Effective and democratic?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schillemans, T. (2008). Accountability in the shadow of hierarchy: The horizontal accountability of agencies. Public Organization Review, 8(2), 175–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schillemans, T., & Busuioc, M. (2015). Predicting public sector accountability: From agency drift to forum drift. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(1), 191–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, M. (1997). The problems of independent agencies in the United States and the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 4(2), 276–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepsle, A., & Bonchek, M. (1997). Analyzing politics: Rationality, behavior, and institutions. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, M., & Zeckhauser, R. (1971). Insurance, information, and individual action. The American Economic Review, 61, 380–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steunenberg, B. (2010). Is big brother watching? Commission oversight of the national implementation of EU directives. European Union Politics, 11(3), 359–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strøm, K., Müller, W., & Bergman, T. (Eds.). (2006). Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thatcher, M., & Sweet, A. (2002). Theory and practice of delegation to non-majoritarian institutions. West European Politics, 25(1), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Steeg, M. (2012). The making of a European public sphere: Media discourse and political contention. West European Politics, 35(2), 426–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy & society: An outline of interpretive sociology. Edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich, Translated by E. Fishoff et al. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwaan, P., van Voorst, S., & Mastenbroek, E. (2016). Ex post legislative evaluation in the European Union: Questioning the usage of evaluations as instruments of accountability. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 82(4), 674–693.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brandsma, G.J., Adriaensen, J. (2017). The Principal–Agent Model, Accountability and Democratic Legitimacy. In: Delreux, T., Adriaensen, J. (eds) The Principal Agent Model and the European Union. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55137-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics