Abstract
In this chapter, speed funnel control of wind turbine systems (WTSs) is discussed. It is shown that the mechanical dynamics of WTSs with stiff or elastic drive train including the nonlinear state-dependent aerodynamic torque are minimum-phase, have relative degree one and known sign of the high-frequency gain if the machine-side angular velocity is available for feedback.
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Notes
- 1.
“Hoffnungsträger” in German [292].
- 2.
The levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) quantify the specific costs per unit of (produced) electrical energy and is averaged over the estimated operation time n (in years) of the considered power plant. The averaged and discounted LCOE are computed by
(12.1)and depend on the investment costs \(C_0\) (in
) at the start-up time of power plant, the estimated annual costs \(C_i\) (in 
: fixed and variable operation costs + residual value of the plant) in the i-th year, \( i\in \{1, \dots , n\}\), the estimated amount of electricity production \(E_{\mathrm{el}, i}\) (in MW h) in the i-th year and the (estimated) interest rate p % (see [209, S. 36–37] or [208, S. 177–178]). - 3.
Respiratory diseases occur in the vicinity of brown or black coal power plants with significantly higher probability.
- 4.
For instance, the costs of insurances against maximum credible accidents are not included in the computation of the LCOE of nuclear power plants [148].
- 5.
Explanations of the functional principles of drag-based and lift-based wind mills can be found in [80].
- 6.
“Net consumption of electrical energy \(=\) consumption of private consumers \(+\) consumption of industry − internal consumption of power plants − losses in grid operation” [1, S. 499].
- 7.
There also exist individual pitch control (IPC) systems for each blade [51].
- 8.
Other more specific operating regimes e.g. due to faults in the wind turbine system or the power grid or during start-up or shut-down are not considered. Detailed descriptions and explanations of the overall operation management are given in [145, Chap. 5.6].
- 9.
Neglecting the underlying actuating and position control system.
) at the start-up time of power plant, the estimated annual costs 
: fixed and variable operation costs + residual value of the plant) in the i-th year, Author information
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Hackl, C.M. (2017). Speed Control of Wind Turbine Systems. In: Non-identifier Based Adaptive Control in Mechatronics. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, vol 466. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55036-7_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55036-7_12
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