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Epigenetic Programming by Microbial Pathogens and Impacts on Acute and Chronic Disease

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Epigenetics of Infectious Diseases

Part of the book series: Epigenetics and Human Health ((EHH))

Abstract

Epigenetic programming of the pathogen and the host can have a marked influence on the development and progression of acute and chronic disease. Bacterial pathogenesis may be viewed as a developmental program similar to that of cell differentiation and development in eukaryotes. Bacterial epigenetic programming is imparted by DNA methylation, whereby the virulence traits expressed by a pathogen may depend on the cumulative interactions between the microbe and its environment. Such bacterial “memory” provides a means for adaptation to the varied subsequent microenvironments encountered during the infective process. DNA methylation can affect DNA–protein interactions and resultant gene expression by altering DNA thermodynamic stability and curvature and by methyl-group-mediated steric hindrance. Some of these epigenetic interactions can form heritable DNA methylation patterns in the microbial genome that control gene expression in their progeny cells. Microbes can also stimulate heritable changes in the host epigenome via infection-associated alterations to host epigenetic determinants including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin-associated complexes, and noncoding RNA-mediated silencing. The resultant changes in host chromatin remodeling and gene expression may be localized and/or systemic due to direct microbe-to-host cell communication or via dissemination of microbial-host signaling. Thus, the role of epigenetics in host–microbe interactions may be the nexus of many pathological syndromes even though there may be no apparent direct link between infection and disease, providing the basis for the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostic tests for diseases with epigenomic determinants.

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Acknowledgments

The scope of this chapter and its space limitations have unfortunately resulted in the inability to separately cite many of the original publications that have contributed substantially to the field. We sincerely apologize to the authors of these publications. This work was supported by G. Harold & Leila Y. Mathers Foundation and Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital Research Program (to M.J.M).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA

    Michael J. Mahan, Douglas M. Heithoff, Lucien Barnes V & Robert L. Sinsheimer

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  1. Michael J. Mahan
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  2. Douglas M. Heithoff
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  3. Lucien Barnes V
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  4. Robert L. Sinsheimer
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Correspondence to Michael J. Mahan .

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  1. Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg Medical School, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany

    Walter Doerfler

  2. Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

    Josep Casadesús

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Mahan, M.J., Heithoff, D.M., Barnes V, L., Sinsheimer, R.L. (2017). Epigenetic Programming by Microbial Pathogens and Impacts on Acute and Chronic Disease. In: Doerfler, W., Casadesús, J. (eds) Epigenetics of Infectious Diseases. Epigenetics and Human Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55021-3_5

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