Skip to main content

The New Asian Paradigm: A Relational Approach

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This chapter summarizes and reviews ideas developed by Jianhong Liu over a number of years. It draws on the 2009 paper in which he set out an agenda for Asian criminologists after becoming editor-in-chief of the Asian Journal of Criminology. It also draws on two recent papers, one to be published in a collection on Southern criminology and another on access to justice published in the Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. Liu’s work has been concerned with identifying distinctive features of crime and criminal justice in Asian countries. He has variously termed this approach the ‘Asian paradigm’ and the ‘relational approach’ which is contrasted with Western individualism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agnew, R. (2006). General strain theory: Current status and directions for future research. In F. Cullen, J. Wright, & R. Kristie (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory (pp. 101–123). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R. (2015). Using general strain theory to explain crime in Asian societies. Asian Journal of Criminology, 10, 131–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agrast, M., Botero, J., & Ponce, A. (2011). Rule of law index 2011. Seattle, WA: The World Justice Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Arts & Sciences. (1988). Conference report. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 41(5), 5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T., & Bennett, R. R. (1996). Development, gender, and crime: The scope of the routine activities approach. Justice Quarterly, 13, 31–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bao, W., Ain, H., & Yijun, P. (2007). Life strain, coping, and delinquency in the People’s Republic of China: An empirical test of general strain theory from a matching perspective in social support. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51, 9–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bao, W., Ain, H., Xiaojin, C., & Yijun, P. (2014). Repeated strains, social control, social learning, and delinquency: Testing an integrated model of general strain theory in China. Youth & Society, 46(3), 402–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. (1991). Routine activities: A cross-national assessment of a criminological perspective. Social Forces, 70, 147–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. R. (2004). Comparative Criminology and Criminal Justice Research: The State of Our Knowledge. Justice Quarterly, 21, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belknap, J. (2015). The expansion of Asian criminology and how it is advancing criminology research and crime control. Keynote speech at 7th ACS annual conference, Hong Kong, June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, J. (2015). Rethinking criminology through radical diversity in Asian reconciliation. Asian Criminology, 10(3), 183–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, P. (1999). The origins of mediation in traditional China. Dispute Resolution Journal, 54(2), 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, Y. (1997). Family, school, peer, and media predictors of adolescent deviant behavior in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 569–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, C., Ngai, N., & Ngai, S. (2007). Family strain and adolescent delinquency in two Chinese cities, Guangzhou and Hong Kong. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 626–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, N., & Cheung, Y. (2008). Self-control, social factors, and delinquency: A test of the general theory of crime among adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 412–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, N., & Cheung, Y. (2010). Strain, self-control, and gender differences in delinquency among Chinese adolescents: Extending general strain theory. Sociological Perspectives, 53, 321–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., Choon, H., & Chan, O. (2013). The gendered analysis of self-control on theft and violent delinquency: An examination of Hong Kong adolescent population. Crime & Delinquency, 62(12), 1648–1677. doi:10.1177/001112871247099.

  • Cheung, N. (2014). Low self-control and co-occurrence of gambling with substance use and delinquency among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 105–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cretacci, M., Craig, J., & Fei, D. (2009). Self-control and Chinese deviance: A look behind the bamboo curtain. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 4, 131–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C., Tang, C., & Ko, J. (2004). The impact of peer, family and school on delinquency: A study of at-risk Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 47(4), 489–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, C. (2012). Low self-control as a source of crime. Bonn: Preprints of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, M. (2006). The empirical status of control theory in criminology. In F. Cullen, J. Wright, & K. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory (pp. 77–100). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, C. (2006). Court mediation in China, past and present. Modern China, 32, 275–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, S., Land, K. C., & Wang, J. (2013). Social ties, collective efficacy and perceived neighborhood property crime in Guangzhou, China. Asian Journal of Criminology, 8(3), 253–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jo, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2012). The stability of self-control: A group-based approach. Asian Journal of Criminology, 7(2), 173–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, S., & Uchida, Y. (2005). Interdependent agency: An alternative system for action. In R. Sorrentino, C. Dov, J. M. Olson, & M. Zanna (Eds.), Culture and social behavior: The Ontario symposium (pp. 137–164). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komiya, N. (1999). A cultural study of the low crime rate in Japan. British Journal of Criminology, 39, 369–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Latha, S., & Thilagaraj, R. (2013). Restorative justice in India. Asian Journal of Criminology, 8, 309–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, J. (2001). The social ecology of violent victimization: Individual and contextual effects in the NCVS. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 3–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, J. R., Cullen, F. T., & Ball, R. A. (2011). Criminological theory: Context and consequences (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, W. (2012). General strain theory in Taiwan: A latent growth curve modeling approach. Asian Journal of Criminology, 7(1), 37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. (2007). Principles of restorative justice and Confucian philosophy in China. European Forum for Restorative Justice., 8(1), 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. (2008). Data sources in Chinese crime and criminal justice research. Crime, Law and Social Change., 50, 131–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. (2009). Asian criminology – Challenges, opportunities and directions. Asian Journal of Criminology, 4, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. (2014). Keynote address: Culture and criminal justice—A theory of relational justice. Presentation at the Sixth Annual Conference of Asian Criminological Society, Osaka, Japan, June 27–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. (2016). Asian paradigm theory and access to justice. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice (forthcoming).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. (2017). Developing an Asian criminology paradigm: Theoretical strategies and future directions. In K. Carrington, R. Hogg, J. Scott, & M. Sozzo (Eds.), Palgrave handbook on criminology and the global south. London: Palgrave (forthcoming).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Zhang, L., & Messner, S. (Eds.). (2001). Crime and social control in a changing China. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, R. (2011). Strain as a moderator of the relationship between parental attachment and delinquent participation: A China study. International Criminal Justice Review, 21, 427–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, H., Daniel, T., Cheung, P., & Ka, K. (2002). A longitudinal study of peer and teacher influences on prosocial and antisocial behavior of Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30, 157–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, G. (1977). Due process in England. In J. R. Pennock & J. W. Chapman (Eds.), Nomos XVIII: Due process (pp. 69–92). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. (1957). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, S., Zhou, L., Zhang, L., & Liu, J. (2007). Risks of criminal victimization in contemporary urban China: An application of lifestyle/routine activities theory. Justice Quarterly, 24, 496–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messner, S. (2014). Social institutions, theory development, and the promise of comparative criminological research. Asian Journal of Criminology., 9, 49–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messner, S. (2015). When west meets east: Generalizing theory and expanding the conceptual toolkit of criminology. Asian Journal of Criminology, 10, 117–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngai, N., & Cheung, C. (2005). Predictors of the likelihood of delinquency a study of marginal youth in Hong Kong, China. Youth and Society, 36, 445–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and westerners think differently and why. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. (2007). Eastern and western ways of perceiving the world. In S. Yuichi, D. Cervone, & G. Downey (Eds.), Persons in context: Building a science of the individual (pp. 62–83). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norenzayan, A., Choi, I., & Peng, K. (2007). Perception and cognition. In K. Shinobu & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 569–594). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, T., & Cullen, F. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38, 931–964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, T., Cullen, F., Sellers, C., Winfree, T., Madensen, T., Daigle, L., Fearn, N., & Gau, J. (2010). The empirical status of social learning theory: A meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 27, 765–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandefur, R. (2009). Access to justice: Classical approaches and new directions. In R. L. Sandefur (Ed.), Access to justice: Sociology of crime, law and deviance (Vol. 12, pp. ix–xvii). Emerald: UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, S. (2006). Beyond self-control: Analysis and critique of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime (1990). Berlin: Duncker & Humbolt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, R. (2010). The utility of country structure: A cross-national multilevel analysis of property and violent victimization. International Criminal Justice Review, 20, 35–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takagi, D., & Kawachi, I. (2014). Neighborhood social heterogeneity and crime victimization in Japan: Moderating effects of social networks. Asian Journal of Criminology, 9(4), 271–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, R., & Endo, K. (1992). Preventing crime in America and Japan: A comparative study. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Kesteren, J., John, P. M., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2001). Criminal victimization in seventeen industrialized countries: Key findings from the 2000 international crime victims survey. The Hague: WODC.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wilsem, J., de Graaf, N., & Karin, W. (2002). Variations in cross-national victimization. In N. Paul (Ed.), Crime victimization in comparative perspective: Results from the International Crime Victims Survey, 1989–2000 (pp. 119–140). Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varnum, M., Grossman, I., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. (2010). The origin of cultural differences in cognition: The social orientation hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 9–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank. (2013). Available from http://www.worldbank.org/

  • Wang, G., Qiao, H., Hong, S., & Zhang, J. (2002). Adolescent social bond, self-control and deviant behavior in China. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 39, 52–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikström, P., Oberwittler, D., Treiber, K., & Hardie, B. (2012). Breaking rules: The social and situational dynamics of young People’s urban crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. (2001). Pathways to delinquency in Hong Kong and Guangzhou (South China). International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 10, 91–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Justice Project. (2011). The world justice project. Available from http://worldjusticeproject.org/. Accessed Aug 2016.

  • Zeng, X. Y. (2009). Mediation in China—Past and present. Asia Pacific Law Review, 17, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianhong Liu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Liu, J. (2017). The New Asian Paradigm: A Relational Approach. In: Liu, J., Travers, M., Chang, L. (eds) Comparative Criminology in Asia. Springer Series on Asian Criminology and Criminal Justice Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54942-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54942-2_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54941-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54942-2

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics